Rural Development Programmes.pdf

Programmes run in pre-independence and post-independence era for rural development

1. Unit-2:
Rural Development Programmes
Prepared by:
Ankur Sachdeva
Assistant Professor, ME

2. Introduction
•IntheIndiancontext,thevillagepopulationhasbeengrowingwithoutaproportionate
increaseinproductionorincome.Theaveragevillagerhasapitifullylowstandardof
comfort.
•Ruralreconstructionimpliesrenovationofthevillagesforthetotalwellbeingofthe
ruralites.Itisorientedtotheirsocial,economicandpoliticaldevelopment.
•Theprincipalobjectivesofruralreconstructioninclude
•(a)eradicationofpovertybymeansofregenerationofcottageindustries,establishmentof
cooperativesocieties,improvementoftransport,
•(b)spreadofeducation,
•(c)progressofhealth,
•(d)abolitionofsocialmalpracticeslikecasteism,untouchabilityandthelike.
•Thenon-violentSwarajofMahatmaGandhiwasbasedontheideaofruralreconstruction.

3. Aspects of Rural reconstruction
•Broadlyspeaking,ruralreconstructionprogrammeentailsthreeaspects:material,
intellectualandmoral.
•Sofarasthematerialaspectisconcerned,ruralreconstructionprogrammeisorientedto
improvethehealthandraisethestandardoflivingoftheruralites.
•Theformerisachievedbyencouragingbettersanitationandbytheprovisionofmedical
aid.
•Themoralaspect,however,isthemostfundamental.
•Itseekstoawakenthevillagerfromthelongstuporofages,sothathemayrealisehisdue
inlifeaswellasshakeoffhislethargyandworkinco-operationwithgovernment
agenciestoamelioratehislot.
•Itaimsatcreatinginhimthedesireforself-improvementandself-disciplinebyindividual
andcollectiveactionsothathemaybefreedoftheinhibitionsstandinginthewayofhis
self-realization.
•Itseekstoreleasehispent-upenergiesforremovingdefeatism,superstition,baselessfears
createdbycenturiesofdepression.

4. Rural Development Programmes
•About65percentpopulationofthecountryislivingintheeconomically
undevelopedarea.
•Therefore,manyevilssuchasilliteracy,superstitions,unhealthypracticesetc.
tookrootsinourcountry.
•AfterSecondWorldWarorafterindependence,itwasthoughttosettleallthese
problemsproperlyandso,manydevelopmentprogrammeswerereinvigorated.
•Itiswrongtodeclarethattherewasnothingdoneduringslaveryperiod.
•However,thoseworks,whichwereexecutedatthattime,wereveryfewin
numberaccordingtotheneeds.
•LookingatavastcountrylikeIndia,duringBritishrulesomeselectedsocial
workershadstartedsomeprogrammesofruraldevelopment.Theevolutionof
extensionprogrammeisdescribedintwostages:
•StageI-Pre-IndependenceEra(1866-1947)
•StageII-Post-IndependenceEra(1947-1953)

5. Pre-Independence Era
•Overaperiodofaboutseventyyearsnumberofruraldevelopment
experimentsandprogrammeswereconductedinIndia.
•LongbeforetheintroductionoftheGovernmentmanagedextension
systematthenationallevelin1952,therehadbeensporadicattemptsin
developingtherurallife.
•Knowledgeoftheearlyextensioneffortsshallserveasausefulbackground
inunderstandingthedevelopmentofsystemsofextensioninIndia.
•Theearlyextensioneffortshadtwodistinctpatterns.
•First,therewereattemptsbysomebenevolentpersonsandprivateagenciesto
improverurallife.
•Second,attemptsweremadeatgovernmentleveltoinitiatesomeprojectstosolve
thepressingproblemsinagriculture.

6. Rural Programmes (Pre-Independence Era)
Year Place Person/Agency
1903
Scheme of Rural Reconstruction at the
Sunderbans in Bengal
Sir Daniel Hamilton
1920
Gurgaon project in Haryana F.L. Brayne
1920
Sriniketan experiment in Bengal Rabindra Nath Tagore
1920
Seva-gram experiment in Wardha in Gujarat Mahatma Gandhi
1928 Marthandam project in Kerala
Dr. Spencer Hatch
Young Men Christian Association (YMCA)
1932
Baroda village reconstruction project B.T. Krishnamachari
1942
Grow more food campaign Agricultural departments of state governments
1945
Indian village service Dr.W.H. Wisher
1946
Firka Vikas Yojana in Madras (now in Tamilnadu)Government of Madras

7. Sriniketan Experiment
•Sriniketanissituatedabout100km.awayfromCalcutta(Kolkata)inWest-BengalState.
•Thisareawasbackwardsocially,economicallyandpolitically.InIndia,Sriniketan
Experimentinthebeginningofthiscenturywasconsideredtobethefirstattemptinrural
development.
•SriRabindraNathTagore,avisionaryandapoethadbroughtaseachangeintheenvirons
surroundingSriniektaninWestBengal.
•Theprogrammeaimedatsocio-economicaswellasmoralrehabilitationofrural
community.
•Aspartoftheruraldevelopmentprogramme,monkeysandmalariawaseradicatedinfirst
phase.
•Lateron,newstrategyofagriculture,newbreedsofcows,poultryandvillagecraftswere
introduced.
•Doorsofeducationwereopenedtovillagechildren,adults.
•Inaddition,villagerswereeducatedintheuseofnewagriculturalimplementsbywayof
demonstrations.

8. Sriniketan Experiment
•SriniketanVillageWelfareInstitutewasestablishedin1920whosemain
objectiveswerethefollowing:
➢Toincreasetheknowledgeofruralpeople.
➢Tohelptheruralpeopleinestablishingcottageindustry.
➢Toinspirethepeopletofollownewtechnology.
➢Developmentofdairyfarming.
➢Tocreatethefeelingofco-operation.
➢Toarrangethefacilityofhealthandeducation.
➢Tocreatethefeelingofruralleadership.
•ThisProject,inthebeginning,wasstartedonlyin8villagesbutaftersome
timethisprojectwasextendedto15villages.
•ShriTagorewasthelandlordofallthesevillages.
•BeingcentralizedoverShriTagorethisProjectcouldnotsurviveafterthe
deathofShriTagore,andcametoanendafterhisdeath.

9. Gurgaon Experiment
•InGurgaondistrict,thisprogrammeofvillagedevelopmentwasthefirstonetoberunbytheState.It
wasstartedbytheMr.F.L.Brayne.
•In1920,Mr.BraynehadbeenappointedonthepostofDeputyCommissionerinGurgaondistrictandhe
beganthisprojectofruralupliftmentinhisdistrict,whichbecamefamousasGurgaonProject.
•RuralupliftmentmovementonamassscalewasfirststartedbyMr.F.L.Brayne.Hewaspromptedby
thebackwardness,povertyandmiseryofthepeople.
•Avillageguidehadbeenpostedtoactasachannelthroughwhichtheadviceoftheexpertsinvarious
departmentscouldbepassedontothevillagers.
•Themainobjectivesofthisprojectwere:
•(1)Toincreasecropproduction,
•(2)tocontrolextraexpenditure,
•(3)toimprovethehealth,
•(4)todevelopthefeelingofwomeneducation,and
•(5)homedevelopmentwork.

10. Gurgaon Experiment
•Theprogrammeofintroducingimprovedseeds,implements,themethodsof
cultivationetc.wasstartedthroughoutthedistrict.
•Asthevillageguideswerenottechnicalmen,verylittlepermanentvaluewas
achievedinfact.
•Theprojectcouldnotdevelopleadershipinthevillagesthatwouldcontinuework
whenthevillageguideshadleftthevillages.
•Theworkagaingatheredmomentum,after1933,whereMr.Braynewasappointed
CommissionofRuralReconstructioninthePunjab.1935-36.GovernmentofIndia
grantedRs.1croreforvariousruralworkswhichactedasastimulus.
•Neverthelesstheprojectcouldnotmakemuchheadwayasthelocaltalentwasnot
utilizedfordevelopmentprocess.
•Mostoftheworkdonebyexercisingauthorityoverthepeopleratherthanby
voluntaryparticipationoflocalpeople.
•Moreover,thisprojectwasalsobaseduponthesentimentsofF.L.Brayneand
whenhewastransferred,graduallythisprogrammealsostopped.

11. Marthandam Experiment
•TheworkwascommencedbyDr.SpencerHatchanAmericanAgriculturalexpertinTravancoreunderthe
auspiciousofyoungMen’sChristianAssociation(YMCA)in1921.
•ThevillagesinMarthandamareawereundevelopedeconomicallyandtheeconomicconditionofthenative
majoritywaspoor.
•Here,peopleusedtocultivateonlypaddyandcoconutonsomeplaces.Forexploitingthisweakness,itwas
thoughtthatsomedevelopmentalworkshouldbedone,sothattheChristianfaithcouldspread.
•ConsequentlyDr.HatchmadeagreementwithYMCAandtheChurchforhisworkandinitiatedthisprojectin
neighbouringvillageMarthandam.
•Themainobjectiveoftheprojectwastobringmoreabundantlifeforruralpeople.
•Itwasintendedtosymbolizethethree-folddevelopment,notonlyspiritual,mentalandphysicalbutalso
economicandsocial.
•Theessentialtechniqueofthecentrewas‘Self-helpwithintimateexpertcounsel’.
•FromthedemonstrationcentreatMarthandam,abouthundredvillageswerecoveredthroughY.M.C.A.
centersinvillages.

12. Marthandam Experiment
•Theobjectivesofthisprojectwerealsomadeonthebasisastohowthepublicof
thisareacouldbecomeChristian.
•Themainobjectivesofthisprojectwere:
a)Spiritualdevelopment
b)Mentaldevelopment
c)Physicaldevelopment
d)Socialdevelopment
e)Economicdevelopment
•Marthandamwasinastrategicpositiontoservethevillages.
•Itkeptprizebullsandgoats,modelbee-hives,demonstrationplotsforimproving
grainandvegetableseeds,poultryrunswithprizelaying-hens,aweavingshed,
etc.

13. Marthandam Experiment
•Insidethecentre,therewasequipmentlikehoneyextractors,healthchartsandthe
itemsneededforothercottagevocations.
•Atthecentre,cottagevocationsweretaughtandagriculturalimplementstested.
•Theemphasisthroughoutwasonself-helpandco-operation.
•ThesuccessfuloutputofthisprojectwastheEgg-sellingClub.In1939which
becameaselfgoverningbody.
•Anotherco-operativesocietywashoneyclub,wherethevillagersweretaughtthe
useofmodernbee-hivesandextractedhoneyscientifically.Thehoneywascured
andmarketedco-operatively.
•TherewereBullclubs,weaver’sclubalso.
•Theactivitiesconductedatcentrecouldmeetthemental,physicalandspiritual
needsofthevillagers.

14. Marthandam Experiment
•Themainshortcomingsoftheprojectwereinadequatefundsandgovernmental
help.
•TheactivitiesweremainlyorganizedtheMarthandamandthevillageworkersdid
notstayinvillages.
•Thereligiousbiasoftheinstitutionwasalsoamajorhindranceinitsactivities.
•For,thisprogrammeofDr.Hatchremainedforalongperiodbecausehehad
trainedworkersandthelocalpeoplewereinspiredtoworkthemselves.
•Assuchthisprojectwasverysuccessfulinthisarea.
•ButthewholeprogrammewascentredonapersonandafterthedeathofDr.
Hatch,therewasaconflictonthequestionofleadershipbetweenYMCAand
ChurchAssociationandduetonoeconomicadvantagetothenon-paidworkers,
thisprogrammecouldnotsurvive.

15. Baroda Experiment (1932)
•ThismovementwasstartedbyV.T.Krishnachariin1932intheBarodastate
wherehewasDewanatthattime.
•Inthefirstinstantitsobjectivewastobringaboutarapidincreaseinstandardsof
living,industrializationandrapidexpansionoftheeducationalsystem.
•Thesecondobjectivewastoincreaseagriculturalproductionthroughtheprovision
ofbasicnecessitiesforthedevelopmentofthesame.
•Atfirst,someextensionworkersweretakenondeputationfromDr.SpencerHatch
ofMarthandam.
•ThefirstruralreconstructioncentrecommencedworkinApril,1932inagroupof
villagesaroundKosambain,Navsaridistrict.
•Thebasicideaunderlyingtheruralreconstructionexperimentintheruralareasaround
Barodawere:"ThesingleoutstandingfactintheagriculturaleconomyofIndiaisthat
owingtoseasonalandotherconditions,workonthelandispossibleonlyduringaportion
oftheyear.

16. Baroda Experiment (1932)
•Millionsofpeopleare,thus,unemployedoverperiodsoftheyear
rangingfromtwotothreemonthsinthehighlyirrigatedareastoas
muchaseighttoninemonthsinthedrytracts.
•Thislongintervalofenforcedidlenessanddrearywaitingbetween
cropandcropleadstoevil,economicandmoral,whichitis
unnecessarytodescribetothosewhoknowvillagelifeinIndia-the
squalorandrivalries,andfactionsandthelitigationwhichhasbeen
describedas'oursecondgreatestindustry.’
•“Nolastingimprovementcanbeachievedintheconditionsofrural
lifeunlessallsidesofitareattackedatthesametime;themanysides
ofitareallsocloselyinterconnected."

17. Baroda Experiment
Thecentreaimedat:
1.Effectinganimprovementinallaspectsofrurallifei.e.changingtheoutlookof
theagriculturists,theproblembeing"thedevelopmentofthedesireforahigher
standardofliving,"
2.Toundertakeintensiveworktoreleasethisaim,
3.Todevelopbesttypeofvillageleadership;andtoundertakethefollowing
programme:
a)EconomicProgrammeconsistedof:
(i)Developmentofsubsidiaryoccupationlikekitchengardening,weaving,poultry
farming,sericulture,bee-keepingetc.
(ii)Farmimprovementsincottonandothercrops
(iii)Co-operativesocietytoinculcatethriftand
(iv)Thevillagepanchayatstoprovideforsanitation,villageroadsanddrinking
watersupply.

18. Baroda Experiment
b)EducationandMoralProgrammesincludedAdultEducation:
•developmentofcommunitysenseandofafeelingofsolidarityinthevillage;
•propagandaagainstevilslikeearlymarriagesandunreasonablecustomsconnectedwithsocial
observances;
•theproperuseofvillagelibraries;
•thescoutmovementandothereducativeworkthroughlanternlectures;inshort,making
villagelifefullandinteresting.
•Thevillageschoolshouldbethecentreofallsuchactivities.
Theprogrammeofruralreconstructionwastobepartofawiderprogrammeforbringingabouta
rapidincreaseinstandardofliving.Increasedagricultureproductionlayatrootofall
development.
Therefore,theprogrammewasprogressivelyexpandedtocovermeasuressuchasprovisionof
irrigationfacilities;conservationofsoil;productionofnucleusseed;theirmultiplicationand
distribution;educationinagricultureandsupplementaryoccupations.

19. Firka Development Scheme
•ThisprogrammewasstartedbyGovernmentinthelastquarterof1946inFirkasthroughout
Madrasstate.
•Itwasextendedtoanother50additionalFirkasattherateoftwoFirkasperdistrict.
SelectionofFirkas
1.Onthebasisoftheirbackwardness.
2.Possibilitiesforincreasingtheproductionofhandloomclothesandothercottageindustries.
Objectives
1.Totackletheruralproblemasawhole.
2.Preparationofshorttermplansforthedevelopmentofruralcommunication,watersupply.
3.Formationofpanchayatsandorganizationofcooperatives.
4.Longtermplantomaketheareaselfsufficientthroughagricultural,irrigationalandlivestock
improvements.
5.DevelopmentofKhadiandCottageIndustries.

20. Firka Development Scheme
•EachFirkawasdividedinto5to10groupsofvillageswhichwereputinthechargesofGramSewaks.
•EachFirkaorGroupofFirkaswasprovidedwithspecialstafflikeagriculturalfieldman,administrative
officers,Supervisorsandminorirrigationoversees.
•Atthestatelevel,therewasastateRuralwelfareBoardcomprisingtheheadsofthedepartmentsand
influentialandconstructivesocialworkers.
•ThisboarddrewupthecomprehensiveplanofFirkaDevelopmentOctober,1947.
•Inordertoeffectivelystimulatehealthycompetitionbetweenofficialandnon-officialagencies,the
GovernmentofMadrasdecidedtoentrustthedevelopmentschemestonon-officialsagenciesengagedin
doingconstructivework.
•Fivenon-officialagencieswereactuallyselectedandpaidgrantsfordoingFirkaDevelopmentof:
1.RuralReconstruction
2.Drinkingwaterfacilities
3.Sanitation
4.Agriculture
5.Khadiandvillageindustries

21. Post-Independence Era
•Theurgentneedforsteppingupfoodproductionwasrealizedeveninthepre-
IndependenceeraandaGrow-More-FoodCampaignwasstarted.
•Underthecampaign,targetsforincreasedagriculturalproductionwerelaiddownforthe
firsttimeonanall-Indiabasis.
•Butthecampaignfailedtoachieveitstargets.
•SoonafterIndependence(1947),theCentralGovernmentre-definedtheobjectivesofthe
Grow-More-FoodCampaignastheattainmentofself-sufficiencyinfoodgrainsby1952,
andsimultaneouslyincreasedthetargetsofproductionofothercropstomeettheshortfall
asaresultofthepartitionofthecountry.
•Atthesametime,arrangementsweremadeforintegrationandco-ordinationoftheentire
campaignforincreasingagriculturalproduction.
•Somestategovernmentsassociatedthepublicwithworkingofthecampaignbysettingup
ofnon-officialcommitteesatthevillage,taluka,districtandstatelevels.
•Theplanswererevisedfromtimetotimeinordertomakethecampaignmoreeffective

22. Rural Programmes (Post-Independence Era)
Year Place Person/Agency
1948
Nilokheri Experiment (Mazdoor Manzil) Shree S K Dey
1948
Etawah Pilot Project Albert Mayer
1952
CDP Community Development Programme
1953
NES National Extension Service
1954 CDB
Community Development Block
1957
Panchayati Raj Panchayati RajDemocratic Decentralization

23. Etawah Pilot Project (1948)
•TheprojectwasconceivedbyAlbertMayerwhowasanAmericantownplanner
andremainedinIndiaduringtheSecondWorldWar.
•TheprojectstartedatMahewainthedistrictofEtawahofUttarPradeshin1948
withtheaimtodevelopvillagesinthefieldsofagriculture,cooperationandpublic
health.
•TheEtawahdistrictwasdividedintoanumberofblocks,eachblockhaving64
villageswithapopulationof70,000.
•Thevillagedevelopmentprogrammesincludedimprovementofland,agricultural
practices,educationalfacilitiesandsanitationinvillages;localcooperativesand
panchayatsweretopropagatethemessageofdevelopment.
•TheEtawahprojectwastheforerunnertotheCommunityDevelopmentProject
(CDP)whichlateronstartedin1952.

24. Etawah Pilot Project (1948)
•Itshouldalsobeobservedthattheprojectwassupervisedbyexpertsindifferent
walksofvillagelife.
•Theprojectpersonnelwereexpectedtoprovideexpertguidancebutthepeople
wererequiredtomaketheprojectself-running.
•Nofinancialassistance,however,wasgiventothepeople.Theprojectbelongedto
themand,therefore,theyhadtorunit.
•Anotherspecialtyoftheprojectwasthatitemphasizedonagriculture,
cooperatives,healthandsanitation,andeducation.
•Suchanapproachtovillagedevelopmentmakestwothingsclear:thedevelopment
ofvillagesoccupiesatopmostpriorityandagriculture,cooperativesand
educationaretheprimeareasthatnodevelopmenteffortcouldaffordtoneglect.

25. Nilokheri Experiment
•NilokheriislocatedinKarnaldistrictofPunjab(nowinHaryana).
•TheNilokheriprojectwaslaunchedforthesettlementofrefugeeswhomigratedto
Punjabduringtheriotswhichtookplacesoonafterindependence.
•TheprojectwasinitiatedbyS.K.Deywhowasthen,theMinisterofCommunity
Development.
•TheoriginalplanofNilokheriwastohaveatownshipof5,000peopleandtolink
itwithvillageshavingapopulationofabout25,000.
•ItwascontemplatedthattheNilokheritownwouldhavecentreofmedicalrelief,
Publichealthandsanitation.
•Therewasalsoaprovisionforhighschooleducation,technicalandvocational
training,horticulture,poultry,piggery,fishery,sheepbreedingandotherfarmsof
animalhusbandry.

26. Nilokheri Experiment
•Itwaswithinthescopeoftheprojecttochangethevillagesaccordingtotheschemeofdevelopment.
•Itwasplannedtoaccommodatetherefugeeswhowerethenlivinginthecamps.
•However,thecompleteschemeforurbanandruralareacouldnotmaterializeastheMinistryofRehabilitation
wasconcentratedonlywiththedisplacedpersonswhocouldbesettledinthenewtown,andinthevillages
aroundtherewerealreadyoldinhabitants.
•Alongsidetechnicalandvocationaltraining,workcentreswerestartedinallthecraftswhichwere
taughtintheformerinstitutions.
•Weavingcalicoprinting,soapmaking,laundry,bakery,tinsmithy,blacksmithy,generalmechanics,
leatherandamultitudeofothercraftsandtradescameinasproductionnucleus.
•TheNilokheriprojectwasunlikeanyothervillagedevelopmentproject.
•Itsobjectivewastorehabilitatetherefugeesinaplannedsettlementwheretheycouldget
everythingwhichisrequiredforatownoravillage.
•TheclustersofneighbouringvillageswerealsoplannedtobeattachedwiththeNilokheritown.
•But,thiscouldnotbedoneasthevillageswerealreadysettledandhadtheirfeltneedsfulfilled.
•Theprojectdidnothaveaformalroleofnon-officials.S.K.Deywhowasbasicallyanengineerdid
notpaymuchheedtosocialandculturalaspectsofvillage.DespitethisweaknessNilokheriwasan
excellentexerciseintheplanningofatown.
•ItwouldbeworthwhiletosayherethatIndianvillagesareneverfoundinplannedsettlements.

27. Nilokheri Experiment
Objectives:
1.Selfsufficiencyforruralcumurbantownshipinallessentialrequirementsoflife.
2.Makingprovisionofworkandtrainingforthepeopleaccordingtotheirnativebackground.
3.Tocheckmiddlemen.
4.Toenabletransactionsbetweentheconsumerandtheproducer,toapproachaverticalorder.
Activities:
1.PolytechnictrainingforB.D.O.andS.E.O.andV.L.W.
1.Housingandmarketingfacilities.
2.Managementofschools,hospitalsandrecreationcenter.
3.Tomakethecultivablelandofall700acresofSwampyland.
4.Cooperativecreditfacility.
5.Smallscaleindustrieswererunoncooperativebasis.

28. Gandhian Approach towards Rural Development
•MahatmaGandhiasavisionaryofIndia,hadaveryclearperceptionofitsvillages
andmadeanemphaticassertionthat"Indialivesinhersevenandhalflakhsof
villages’.
•HefurtherbelievedthatIndiawillhavetoliveinvillages,notintowns,inhutsnot
inpalaces.
•Heheldthisconvictionbysayingthat"Ifvillageperishes,Indiawillperishtoo”.
•Gandhi,playedtheleadingroleinsecuringforIndiapoliticalindependencefrom
theBritishRaj,throughorganizingandmobilizingIndianpeoplefromallwalksof
lifeinapeacefulandnon-violentmanner.
•Gandhiji’sapproachtoIndia’sruraldevelopmentwasholisticandpeople-centred.
Itwasrootedinhisconvictioninthetenetsoftruth,non-violenceandthe
goodnessofhuman-beings.

29. Gandhian Approach towards Rural Development
•Hefoundthattheprogressofthecountryliesinthedevelopmentofmajorityofitsrural
villages,developruraleconomy,industryandruralskills.
•Gandhijifoundtheonlywayofbringinghopeofgoodlivingtotheruralpeopleisby
makingthevillagethecentralplaceintheeconomicprogramme.
•RuraldevelopmentasoutlinedbyGandhijicontainedself-sufficiency,interdependence
forotherwantsanddevelopmentofVillageIndustries.
•Theoretically,Gandhianapproachtoruraldevelopmentmaybelabelledas‘idealist’.It
attachessupremeimportancetomoralvaluesandgivesprimacytomoralvaluesover
materialconditions.
•Theconceptof‘RamaRajya’isthebasisofGandhiji’sideaofanidealsocialorder.
•IntheGandhianscheme,‘Rama’stoodforGodorone’sown‘innervoice’.
•Gandhibelievedinademocraticsocialorderinwhichpeoplearesupreme.

30. Values Underlying Gandhian Model
➢RuralIndiaisfoundnotinitscities,butinitsvillages.
➢Therevivalofvillagesispossibleonlywhenthevillagersareexploitednomore.
Exploitationofvillagersbycitydwellerswas‘violence’inGandhiji’sopinion.
➢Simplelivingandhighthinking,implyingvoluntaryreductionofmaterialistic
wants,andpursuitofmoralandspiritualprinciplesoflife.
➢Dignityoflabour:everyonemustearnhisbreadbyphysicallabour,andone
wholaboursmustnecessarilygethissubsistence.
➢Performancetotheuseofindigenous(swadeshi)products,servicesand
institutions.
➢Balancebetweentheendsandthemeans:Gandhijibelievedthatnon-violence
andtruthcouldnotbesustainedunlessabalancebetweentheendsandthemeans
wasmaintained.

31. Components of Gandhian Model
•Self Sufficient Village Economy
•Decentralization
•Panchayati Raj
•Khadi and Village Industries
•Cooperatives
•Trusteeship
•Village Sanitation
•Nai Taleem

32. Tagore’s Approach towards Rural Development
➢RabindranathTagore’suniqueventureonruralreconstructionatSilaidaha-Patisar
andatSriniketanwasapioneeringworkcarriedoutbyhimwiththemottoofthe
wholesomedevelopmentofthecommunitylifeofvillagepeoplethrough
education,training,healthcare,sanitation,modernandscientificagricultural
production,revivaloftraditionalartsandcraftsandorganizingfairsand
festivitiesindailylife.
➢Hebelievedthatthroughself-help,self-initiationandself-reliance,villagepeople
willbeabletohelpeachotherintheircooperativelivingandbecomeableto
preparethegroundworkforbuildingthenationasanindependentcountryinthe
truesense.
➢Hismodelofruralreconstructionisthetorch-bearerofsomanyprojectsin
independentIndia.

33. Tagore’s Approach towards Rural Development
•RuralreconstructionworkthatRabindranathconsideredashis‘life’swork’
continuedinthreemainphases:
•thefirstoneduringhisworkasazamindarinhisfamilyestateinEastBengal,
•thesecondoneduringthe‘SwadeshiMovement’in1903-08and
•thethirdoneatSriniketanduring1920s.
•Hisprincipleof‘lifeinitscompleteness’foundapracticalexpressioninhisactive
worksonruralreconstructionthatarestillrelevanttothepresentchallengesinthe
world.

34. IstPhase
•RabindranathwasengagedinhisZamindariworkinhisfamilyestates
atSilaidahaandPatisarduring1890sandhisfieldworkinrural
reconstructionbeganherewherehegainedfirst-handexperienceabout
realconditionsofthepoorpeopleofruralBengal.
•Asarecollectionofthisphase,hesaidinanaddresstotheworkersof
Sriniketanin1939,“graduallythesorrowandpovertyofthevillagers
becamecleartome,andIbegantogrowrestlesstodosomething
aboutit….fromthattimeonwardIcontinuouslyendeavoredtofind
outhowvillagers’mindcouldbearoused,sothattheythemselves
couldacceptresponsibilityfortheirownlives.

35. IIndPhase
•Hisemphasiswasonreorganizationofrurallifethroughcollectiveefforts.
•Theprogrammeincludestherevivalofcottageindustriesto
•alleviatethepovertyofthevillagefolk,
•reductionofexpenditureatsocio-religiousceremonies,
•thecreationofagroupofvolunteerswhowouldtakeinitiativetoformaharmonious
relationshipbetweenHindusandMuslims,
•keencooperationbetweenruralworkersandvillagers,
•employmentofapeople’srepresentativeastheleaderofthesocietywhowouldbeselectedby
thepeople.
•“Toeatalonewasagreatershameforusthantousehumblebananaleavesfor
sharingourfoodwithothers.Shallwenotgetbackthatsenseofshame?“

36. IIIrdPhase
•ThethirdphaseofRabindranath’sactivitiesonruralreconstructionstartedafterhe
purchasedahouseandlandatSurulin1912.
•Theunderlyingprinciplewas“wemustliberatethesefewvillagesineveryrespect
sothatallmayreceiveeducation,abreezeofjoymayblowonceagain,songsand
music,recitationfromepicsandscripturesmayfillthem,asofyour.Mouldjust
thesefewvillages…”.
•Themainmotiveoftheprogrammewas“totrytofeedthechockedbedofvillage
lifewiththestreamofhappiness”.
•Hebelievedthatpropertraining,educationandencouragementcanliftthe
fortunesofthesepeopleandself-initiation,self-helpandsocialcooperationarethe
meanstoachievehisgoals