Rutaceae Family species

Description of Citrus species.

1. Citrus Sp. - Rutaceae By - Dr. Aditi Gandhi PG Scholar Dept. of Dravya Guna , SDMCAH, Hassan

2. Introduction Family : Rutaceae Commonly k/a the rue or citrus family. Derived from the word- rhutos - ‘ shielded ’ / ‘to preserve ’, referring to some of its species used as an antidote & referring to the preservation of the medicinal properties in many of its species. As per taxonomy  160 genera, totaling over to 1600 species In India : 23 Genera, 80 species.

3. Few plants of this family : Bijapoora / Matulunga - Citrus medica Kaidarya - Murraya koenigii Bilva - Aegle marmelos Kapitha - Feronia limonia Linn. Feronia acidissima Tumburu - Zanthoxylum alatum Sadapa - Ruta graveolens Toddalia asiatica – ‘ dahana / tikshna-kantaka ’ ‘ dodda kala menasu ’ Glycosmis pentaphylla – ‘ Ashvashakotaka ’

4. Key Features ? ? Winged petiole (except Bilva , Kaidarya ) Gland dotted leaves Aromatic leaves

5. Citrus species- Features Trees or shrubs, usually spinous. Leaves 1-foliolate; alternate, petiole often winged; Leaflets entire or crenulate, coriaceous, persistent. Inflorescence – Cymose, solitary, fascicled or in small cymes. Flowers white or pinkish, sweet-scented, Aestivation : Valvate ( When the members of a whorl make contact with each other by their margins, or when they lie close to each other without overlapping, as in custard-apple (Anno na ), madar (Calotropis) etc ) Calyx/ Sepal : Polysepalous Corolla/ Petals : Regular / Actinomorphic and Gamopetalous: cupular or urceolate ( Corolla- urn (tall rounded vase – where tea is stored) shaped, Corolla tube – swollen in middle & becomes narrow towards the apex, e.g. Bryophyllum calcynium ) , 4-8, linear, oblong, thick, imbricate.

6. Androecium : Stamens 20-60; filaments variously connate(cohesion- the union of members of the same whorl, e.g. stamens with each other and carpels with each other. ), compressed @ the base; Anthers oblong. Disk large, cupular . Gynoecium : Ovary many-celled; ovules 4-8 in each cell, style deciduous; stigma capitate (head shaped- as a dense terminal cluster of sessile or nearly sessile flowers, having a rounded head/ collection of head)

7. Fruit- ‘ Hesperidium ’ : Develops from a superior polycarpellary syncarpous ovary. Pericarp- differentiated into glandular skin or epicarp contain oil glands & often k/a Rind, fibrous mesocarp & Inner membranous & juicy endocarp , ÷ fruit into many separable chamber. Here, the endocarp projects inwards, forming distinct chambers, & the epicarp & mesocarp , fused together, form the loose or tight skin (rind) of the fruit. -globose or oblong, fleshy. many-celled; septa membranous; cells few-seeded, filled with horizontal or fusiform cellules replete with juice. Seeds -horizontal or pendulous; testa coriaceous or membranous; embryos sometimes 2 or more in 1 seed; cotyledons plano-convex, often unequal; radicle small, superior.

8. Acc. to Indian Medicinal Plants Citrus medica Citrus medica var. proper Citrus medica var. limonum Citrus medica var. acida Citrus medica var.limetta Citrus aurantium Citrus aurantium var. proper Citrus aurantium var. bigaradia Citrus aurantium var. bergamia Citrus maxima

9. Acc. to Wealth of India Citrus aurantifolia C. aurantium C. deliciosa C. grandis C. jambhiri C. karna C. latifolia C. limetta C. limettioides C. limon C. limonia C. lycopersicaeformis C. macroptera C. maderaspatana C. madurensis

10. C. medica C. megaloxycarpa C. xnobilis C. paradisi C. paratangerina C. pennivesculata C. pseudolimon C. reshni C. reticulata C. rugulosa C. sinensis C. unshiu Citrus hybrids – 1. tangelos C. reticulata and C. paradisi 2. Citranges – Poncirus trifoliata and C. sinensis

11. Citrus medica proper – The citron Fruit large, oblong, ovoid or somewhat irregularly shaped mamilla obtuse; rind thick, very aromatic; Pulp scanty, subacute.

12. Citrus limonum – The lemon Petiole margined or winged. Fruit ovoid, yellow, mammillate ; Rind thin; pulp abundant, very acid.

13. Citrus acida - The Sour Lime of India. Leaflets elliptic-oblong. Racemes short; flowers small; petals usually 4. Fruit usually small, globose or ovoid; Rind thick or thin; pulp pale, very acid.

14. Citrus limetta - The Sweet Lime of India Hindi – mausambi ’ Fruit globose, 7.5-12.5 cm. diam ; Rind thin, smooth, adhering to the pulp, juice abundant, sweet, not aromatic.

15. Citrus aurantium Linn. – The bitter and sweet Orange A tree , rarely a shrub ; young shoots glabrous , greenish white. Leaves 1-foliolate; leaflets 7.5-15 cm. long, elliptic or ovate, obtuse, acute or acuminate; petioles naked or winged, the wing often obovate and nearly as large as the blade. Flowers bisexual, pure white. Stamens 20-30. Fruit globose , generally oblate, not mamillate , usually orange-coloured; rind loose or adherent; pulp sweet, yellow, rarely red.

16. Citrus aurantium var. Var. 1. Citrus aurantium proper.- C. aurantium Risso et Poiteau .- The Sweet Orange . Petiole naked or winged; pulp sweet, yellow, sometimes red, in loose or adhering rind.

17. Var. 2. Bigaradia .-C. Bigaradia Risso et Poiteau .- The Bitter or Seville Orange. Petiole generally winged; flowers larger and more strongly scented than those of the Sweet Orange; rind of fruit very aromatic; pulp not sweet, bitter or austere.

18. Var. 3. Bergamia .-C. Bergamia Risso et Poiteau . — The Bergamot . Flowers small, very sweet-scented; fruit pear-shaped or globose ; rind smooth, pale yellow; pulp acidulous, with a pleasant aroma.

19. Citrus maxima , Aurantium maximum Burm . Auct . .—Citrus decumana Murr . - The Pommelo or Shaddok . A tree 9-12 m. high; young shoots pubescent. Leaflets large. 15-23 cm. long, ovate-oblong, frequently emarginate, pubescent beneath; petioles broadly winged. Flowers large, white. Stamens 16-24. Fruit large, pale yellow, globose or pyriform; Rind thick; pulp varying in colour from crimson to pale pink or yellow; vesicles distinct.

20. References Indian Medicinal Plants – Kiritikar & Basu Vol 1 Wealth of India, CSIR, 1992, Vol 3 Essentials of Dravya Guna – Karnam Chandra Shekhar Google images

21. ? ? ? Buddha hand plant Or the fingered citron B.N . – Citron medica var. sacrodactylis

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