S.Sc. Project [Class 8] AGRICULTURE

THIS IS BASED ON THE NCERT BOOK OF CLASS 8

1. S. S. Project for

2. AGRICULTURE

3. agriculture The science and art of cultivation on the soil, raising crops and rearing livestock.

4. farm system Some important inputs like seeds are processed by various methods such as Ploughing and then gives outputs like crops.

5. farm

6. TYPES OF FARMING Depending upon different conditions like demand of produce, labour & level of technology farming is classified into two main types.

7. 1. SUBSISTENCE FARMING A type of farming in which most of the produce is consumed by the farmer and his family, leaving little or nothing to be marketed.

8. a. INTENSIVE SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE The typical farm is much smaller than elsewhere in the world because the ratio of farmers to arable land is so high & families must produce enough food for their survival from a very small area of land.

9. b. PRIMITIVES SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE A form of agriculture where almost all the produce goes to feed and support the household and is not for sale. It includes shifting cultivation & nomadic herding.

10. SHIFTING CULTIVATION Shifting cultivation is an agricultural system in which a person uses a piece of land, only to abandon or alter the initial use a short time later.

11. NOMADIC HERDING Nomadic herding is when people travel from place to place with herds of animals. This could be because of climate issues or lack of food. Some nomads will stay in one place if the ground is good for growing crops.

12. 2. COMMERCIAL FARMING Agriculture that involves the production of crops & animal rearing for sale in market. it includes three types of farming.

13. COMMERCIAL GRAIN FARMING In Commercial grain farming crops are grown for commercial purpose.

14. Mixed farming IN Mixed Farming the land is used for growing food and fodder crops and rearing live stocks.

15. PLANTATION AGRICULTURE Often occurring in less developed countries, plantation agriculture involves the cultivation of one crop to be sold in more developed countries e.g. coffee plantations in Costa Rica

16. MAJOR CROPS FOR PLANTATION A large variety of crops are grown for the meet requirement of the growing population. Such as:

17. Wheat Wheat requires moderate temperature and rainfall during growing season and bright sunshine at the time of harvest. It thrives best in well drained loamy soil. Wheat is grown extensively USA, Canada, Argentina, Russia, Ukraine, Australia and India. In India it is grown in winter.

18. Rice Rice is the major food crop of the world. Rice needs high temperature, high humidity and rainfall. It grows best in alluvial clayey soil, which can retain water. China leads in production of rice followed by India, Japan, Sri Lanka and Egypt.

19. MILLETS They are also known as coarse grains and can be grown on less fertile and sandy soils. It is a hardy crops that need low rainfall and high to moderate temperate and adequate rainfall. Lower, bajra and ragi are grown in India.

20. COTTON Cotton requires high temperature, light rainfall two hundreds and ten frost – free days and bright sunshine for its growth. It grows best on black and alluvial soils. China, USA, India, Brazil, Pakistan and Egypt are the leading producers of cotton.

21. TEA Tea is beverage crop grown on plantation. This requires cool climate and well distributed high rainfall throughout the year for the growth of tender leaves. It needs well drained loamy soils and gentle slopes.

22. COFFEE Coffee requires warm and wet climate and well – drained loamy soil. Hill slopes are more suitable for growth of this crop. Brazil is leading produces followed by India and Columbia.

23. AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT Agriculture can develop in many ways such as Increasing the cropped areas, the number of crops grown, Improving irrigation facilities , Use of fertile and high yielding variety of seeds.

24. Mechanisation of agriculture is also another aspect of agricultural development. The ultimate aim of agriculture development is to increase food security.

25. A FARM IN INDIA The main features of Indian agriculture observed after independence are as follows: 1. Large areas have been brought under irrigation. 2. Use of fertilizers and pesticides has been increased.

26. 3. Large area has been brought under high yielding variety of seeds which brings green revolution in India. 4. Although modern techniques are adopted still animals play a significant role in various agricultural activities.

27. 5. Major part of the agriculture depends mainly on monsoon rain. 6. Food crops are the major parts of production. 7. Means of transport and facilities for storing food are inadequate and roads are un-metalled.

28. A FARM IN USA The main features of USA farms are as follows: 1. The farmer in the USA works like a businessman and not like peasant farmer. 2. The average size of a farm is much larger. 3. A typical farm size in USA is about 250 hectares. 4. Adequate measures are taken to control pests that can damage the crop.

29. 5. From time to time they sends soils sample to a soil testing laboratory to check whether the nutrients are sufficient or not. The results help them to plan a fertiliser programmers. Their computer is linked to the satellite which gives them a precise picture of their field. This helps them to use chemical fertilizers and pesticides wherever they are required.

30. 6. They use tractor, seed drill, leveler, combined harvester and thresher to perform various agricultural operations. 7. A grains are stored in automated storage or dispatched to market agencies.

31. Prepared by : Pragya Singh Ishita .A. Surve Darsh Gameti Class: VIII