Sachin Semwal (STARK EFFECT ) 2.pptx

This is a presentation on "STARK EFFECT".

1. Stark Effect

2. Contents Introduction What is Stark Effect? History of Stark Effect Types of Stark Effect Applications of Stark Effect Stark Effect vs Zeeman Effect Challenges and Limitations

3. Introduction The Stark Effect is a result of the interaction between electric fields and atoms or molecules. It causes the energy levels of these particles to shift, resulting in changes in their spectral lines. This effect was first observed by Johannes Stark in 1913 and has since been studied extensively by scientists around the world. The importance of the Stark Effect lies in its ability to provide insights into the behavior of matter under different conditions, which can be applied in various scientific and technological fields.

4. What is Stark Effect? Stark Effect is a phenomenon that occurs when an atom or molecule is subjected to an external electric field. This causes the energy levels of the system to shift, resulting in changes to its spectral lines. The effect is named after Johannes Stark, who first observed it in 1913. Energy level spectra of hydrogen in electric field

5. History of Stark Effect Stark Effect is named after Johannes Stark, a German physicist who discovered the phenomenon in 1913. He observed that when an electric field is applied to an atom or molecule, the energy levels of its electrons are shifted. This shift in energy levels causes spectral lines to split into multiple components, which can be observed using spectroscopy. Stark's discovery was significant because it provided a way to study the structure of atoms and molecules using spectroscopy. It also helped to confirm the existence of quantum mechanics, which predicts the behavior of particles at the atomic and subatomic level.

6. Types of Stark Effect There are two main types of Stark Effect: Normal and Anomalous. Normal Stark Effect occurs when an atom or molecule is subjected to a static electric field, causing its energy levels to shift. Anomalous Stark Effect , on the other hand, occurs when the electric field is oscillating, and the energy levels split into multiple sub-levels.

7. Further they can be categorized into two types: linear and quadratic. Linear Stark Effect occurs when the electric field is weak, causing a linear shift in the energy levels.   Quadratic Stark Effect occurs when the electric field is strong, causing a quadratic shift in the energy levels.

8. Applications of Stark Effect Stark Effect has found numerous practical applications in various fields of study.   1. One such field is spectroscopy, where it is used to determine the energy levels of atoms and molecules. By subjecting a sample to an electric field, the resulting Stark Effect can be measured and analyzed to provide valuable information about the sample's energy levels. 2. Tunable Lasers: The Stark effect can be used to create tunable lasers, where the emission frequency can be adjusted by applying an external electric field.  

9. 3 - Plasma Diagnostics: In plasma physics and astrophysics, the Stark effect is utilized for diagnostics. By studying the spectral lines of plasmas and stars in the presence of external electric fields, researchers can deduce valuable information about their temperature, density, and composition. This aids in understanding the physical properties of these complex systems.

10. Stark Effect vs Zeeman Effect Stark Effect and Zeeman Effect are two phenomena that occur in the presence of an external electromagnetic field. While Stark Effect is the splitting of spectral lines due to the presence of an electric field, Zeeman Effect is the splitting of spectral lines due to the presence of a magnetic field.

11. The key difference between these two effects lies in the nature of the external field that causes the splitting of spectral lines. Stark Effect is caused by an electric field, while Zeeman Effect is caused by a magnetic field. Additionally, Stark Effect tends to split spectral lines into multiple components with different energies, while Zeeman Effect tends to split spectral lines into two components with different polarizations.

12. Challenges and Limitations Temperature Effects: The Stark effect is temperature-dependent, and at higher temperatures, thermal energy can disrupt the alignment of energy levels induced by the external electric field. This can complicate measurements and interpretations, especially at high temperatures. Environmental Interference: The Stark effect experiments require precise control of the external electric field. However, in practical situations, environmental interference from stray electric fields or magnetic fields can affect the accuracy and reproducibility of measurements.

13. Mixed Effects: In real-world scenarios, the Stark effect may not be the only interaction affecting the energy levels of the system. Other effects, such as the Zeeman effect (interaction with magnetic fields) and hyperfine interactions (nuclear spin interactions), can also contribute, leading to a mixture of effects that need to be considered and separated in experiments. Short Lifetime of States: In some cases, the states induced by the Stark effect may have a short lifetime, making them challenging to observe or utilize for practical applications.

14. REFERENCES Griffiths, D. J. (2004). Introduction to quantum mechanics. Pearson Education. www.britannica.com/science/Stark-effect https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stark_effect http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Atomic/stark.html

15. THANK YOU SUBMITTED BY – SACHIN SEMWAL  M.SC. PHYSICS ( SEMESTER – 2 )