Safflower

1. Well come

2. safflower Prepared by , D ileepkumar H P ALB-1036

3. Safflower / kusume BN:- Carthamus tinctorius Family:- Compositae Origin:- Mediterranean and Persian gul f Chromosome no:- 2n=24 Cultivated spp. May have originated from two related spp. Carthamus oxycanthus (wild safflower) Carthamus lanatus (saffron thistle) Genus carthamus contain about 25 valid spp.

4. Plant and Petal Flower and Seed

5. Production:- Important Rabi oil seed crop in India India occupies first position in area and production in the world with 60% of area and 66% production Maharashtra and Karnataka are the major growing states with 94% area and 80% of production Productivity is highest in Mexico with 1200kg ha-1 and India with 630kg ha-1

6. Introduction:- It is one of the humanities oldest crop but world wide comparatively a minor crop limited in distribution because of environmental factor and spiny nature of the crop Earlier Safflower was grown for its petals used for coloring beverages, flavoring food and dye cotton and silk earlier to the availability of low price aniline dyes Floret contain two coloring material 1.Carthamidin(20%):- a water soluble yellow pigment 2.Carthamin(2%):- a orange red dye insoluble in water but readily soluble in alkaline solution

7. Important facts about safflower:- More or less Day neutral crop but thermo-sensitive so grown as a rabi crop It has got phenotypic plasticity of plant population i.e. variation in plant density changes structure and branching maintaining same yield levels Tolerant to salinity but sensitive to water logging conditions Self pollinated crop with out crossing of 5% to 40% due to the action of honey bees. 100 seed weight varies from 2.5 to 8 g Both oil and protein content decreases with increased altitude(Optimum range is 300-1000 above MSL)

8. U ses of safflower:- Oil contains 90% PUFA so it is good for heart patients Suitably dried flowers used to treat circulatory, inflammation and muscular problems Leaves are rich in carotene, riboflavin and vit.C so can be used as leafy vegetable Dye extracted from petal is used for dyeing purposes Crop can be grown as guard crop because of spiny nature Used to feed the birds

9. Nutritional aspects:- Oil content:- 28 - 32 % Protein :- 14 - 19 % Crude fiber:- 32 - 34 % Ash :- 5 -7 % Oil contains….. Fatty acid Percentage(%) Linoleic acid 70-80 Oleic acid 6-8 Palmitic acid 5-8 Stearic acid 2-3

10. Properties of oil:- particular Values Color Golden yellow Specific gravity 0.9 Refractive index 1.4 Iodine value 130-150 Saponification value 186-194 Free fatty acids 0.15-1%

11. Floral morphology:- Inflorescence is called as capitulum /head it consist of 20 to 100 florets collected closely together on a circular receptacle It is surrounded by several layers of bracts, outer layer is spined A small apical opening through which corolla tubes of flower protrude Color of the flower vary from yellow to red orange but deep yellow is common Stigma is well covered with florets own pollen ensuring self pollination

12. 1 . P lant habit; 2. F lowering branch; 3.Detail of head; 4. L ower part of flower; 5.Upper part of f lower (opened); 6. achene(Seed)

13. Anthesis :- On main branch flower blooms earlier than on secondary branches Within a capitulum blooming begins in the outer circle of floret and progresses centripetally. Disc florets usually begin to open in the morning and prolongs till mid day Self pollinated crop(90%) with Out crossing of 5-40% depending on bee activity

14. Breeding objectives:- Breeding for spinelessness Breeding for developing thermo insensitive varieties Breeding for resistance against pest and diseases Breeding for higher yields Breeding higher oil contents

15. Selfing and crossing techniques:- Selfing :- safflower is a self pollinated crop(90-100%) with an out crossing of 5-40% depending on bee activity Selfing can be achieved through covering the capitulum with paper cover before opening of the flowers . Crossing:- Flower should be emasculated before anthesis i.e. stamens are removed without damaging stigma. In the next morning freshly collected pollens are dusted and head is coved with paper cover.

16. Varieties and hybrids:- Varieties :- S 144, A1, A2, A300, NARI 6, NARI 38, Parbhni kusum , Phule kusum , Bhima , sharda , PBNS 40, SSF 658 Hybrids :- DSH 129 :-First hybrid released by directorate of oil seed research, hyderabad MKH 11, NARI 11, NARI-NH-1, NARI-NH-15, MRSA- 521

17. Pest and diseases:- Important pests :- 1 . Saflower aphid ( U roleucon compositae ) Most destructive disease in all safflower growing area Resistant var. B hima , S harda , G irna , A-1, JSF-1 2. Other pests :- cutworms, fly, surface grass hopper

18. Important diseases:- 1 .Alternaria leaf spot:- ( A lternaria carthami ) 2 .Other diseases:- Fusarium wilt, Cercospora leaf spot, Ramularia leaf spot , rust. Alternaria leaf spot Cercospora leaf spot Wilt Leaf rust

19. Institutes working on safflower:- Agricultural research station. Annigeri , Dharwad . Directorate of oil seed research, Hyderabad Mahathma phule krishi vidyapeeth , maharashtra References:- Field crop production(commercial crops) vol-2 -Dr. Rajendra prasad , ICAR publication. WWW.Google.com

20. Thank you…..!