Salmonella.pptx Manoj Mahato Microbiologist

Salmonella

1. SALMONELLA CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGIST MR. MANOJ MEHTA

2. MODE OF TRANSMISSION Ingestion of contaminated food and water. Contact with an acute case of typhoid fever. Water is contaminated where inadequate sewerage systems and poor sanitation. Contact with a chronic asymptomatic Eating food or drinking beverages that handled by a person carrying the bacteria.

3. TYPHOID FEVER

4. 1. The best known carrier was "Typhoid Mary“ ; Mary Mallon was a cook in Oyster Bay, New York in 1906 who is known to have infected 53 people, 5 of whom died. 2. Later returned with false name but detained and quarantined after another typhoid outbreak. 3. She died of pneumonia after 26 years in quarantine . TYPHOID FEVER

5. A systemic bacterial disease with insidious onset of fever , marked headache, malaise, anorexia , relative bradycardia, splenomegaly, nonproductive cough in the early stage of the illness , rose spots on the trunk in 25% of white-skinned patients and constipation more often than diarrhea in adults. It is also known as enteric fever . It is caused by the bacteria Salmonella Typhi What is Typhoid Fever?

6. How does the bacteria cause disease ?

7. Ingestion of contaminated food or water Salmonella bacteria Invade small intestine and enter the bloodstream Carried by white blood cells in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow Multiply and reenter the bloodstream How does the bacteria cause disease ?

8. Bacteria invade the gallbladder, biliary system, and the lymphatic tissue of the bowel and multiply in high numbers Then pass into the intestinal tract and can be identified for diagnosis in cultures from the stool tested in the laboratory How does the bacteria cause disease ?

9. No symptoms - some people become "carriers" of typhoid. Poor appetite, Headaches, Generalized aches and pains, Fever, diarrhea Have a sustained fever as high as 103 to 104 degrees Fahrenheit (39 to 40 degrees Celsius), Chest congestion develops in many patients, and abdominal pain and discomfort are common, Constipation, mild vomiting, slow heartbeat. SYMPTOMS

10. Blood – 80% positive in the first week. Stool- 70-80% positive in the second and third week. Urine- 20% positive in the third and fourth week. Serum for widal test- positive after the second week of illness . Laboratory diagnosis

11. The bacteria do not ferment lactose, the colonies growth appear colorless and the agar surrounding the bacteria remains relatively transparent . On Culture media On MacConkey agar

12. Salmonella metabolise thiosulfate to produce  hydrogen sulfide, which leads to the formation of colonies with black centers and allows them to be differentiated from the similarly coloured   Shigella   colonies. On Culture media On Xylose lysine  deoxycholate  agar

13. " A test involving agglutination of typhoid bacilli when they are mixed with serum containing typhoid antibodies from an individual having typhoid fever; used to detect the presence of Salmonella typhi and S. paratyphi ." SEROLOGICAL TEST

14. Clean Wash your hands. Rinse fruits and vegetables under running water. Pasteurize or boil all milk and dairy products. Administration 400 mg of norfloxacin twice daily for 28 days provides successful treatment of carriers in 80% of cases. Immunization for typhoid fever is not routinely recommended in non-endemic areas. WHO recommends vaccination for people travelling to endemic high risk areas and school-age children living in endemic areas where typhoid fever control is a priority. PREVENTION AND CONTROL

15. The only effective treatment for typhoid is antibiotics. The most commonly used are ciprofloxacin (for non-pregnant adults) and ceftriaxone. Ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin are currently recommended by the CDC In the past, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim- sulfamethoxazole , cephalosporins and first generation fluoroquinolones were used but antibiotic resistance developed TREATMENT

16. THANK YOU!!!