Salvinia

salvinia is genus of water plant.

1. Presenter : Swati Hiremath Msc part I 2015-16 SALVINIA

2. Salvinia spp. HABITAT : Still and slow moving water of lakes, ponds, reservoirs, rice fields etc Grow best- nutrient rich water Can tolerate salinity, mild temperature, frost But not prolonged exposed.

3. Description : Stems : Horizontal, dichotomously branched rhizomes, protostelic and aerenchymatous Leaves : simple, dimorphic (fertile different from sterile), aerenchymatous , at maturity in whorls of three (2 floating, 1 submerged and root-like), blades round to oblong, entire with water repellent trichomes in upper surface Egg beater shaped hairs – diverge into 4 branches near the top and fuse together at the tips. The egg beater shaped hairs

4. Roots : No true roots, submerged leaves—function as roots, finely dissected into several filaments, hair-like projections along the length. Acts as a balances, also absorbs nourishment from water roots short-High nutrient water, Roots long - nutrient deficient water… Associated with N2 fixing BGA

5. T.S OF LEAF E &F T.S OF RHIZOME

6. Reproductive structure: Some filaments of leaves may develop chains or clusters of tiny ovoid spore bearing structures ( sporocarp ) Sporocarps : sporocarp which is interpreted as modified sorus with the indusium functioning as protective wall is globose , heterosporous , each bearing either one megasporangium or several microsporangia at maturity.

7. A. SPOROCARP B. MICROGAMETOPHYE ANTHREDIUM D. SPERMATOZOID

8. LIFE CYCLE Heterosporus Keep sporangia in sporocarp  covered by indusium Sporocarp = 1.Megasporangia 2. Microsporangia Megsporangia  8 microsporocytes---------32 megaspores only one matures and viableenlarges,fills the whole megasporangia Both types develops plasmodial tapetum —solidifies– lobed body massulae above spore No annulus.. Sporocarp wall degenerate– spores germinates meiosis

9. Gametophyte : EDOSPOROUS Male gametophyte developed by microspore bear anthredia in 2 groups Female gametophyte floats to the surface and germinates. -photosynthetic -form several archegonia when embryos grows…

10. LIFE CYCLE IN SALVINIA

11. Economic Importance Use to remove excess nutrients ,other pollutants from water. E.g S.molesta Dried plants  mulching, fodder Paper-making, biofuel, sewage treatment Handicrafts Bio-gas regeneration, bio-fertilization S . natans , or water moss, is used as a free floating ornamental plant for aquariums and ponds, helps to purify waste or contaminated waters  remove organic material from eutrophicated water.

12. Reaserchers at Stephan F. Austin St. Nacogdoches, Texas  Extract of giant Salvinia  inhibit growth of Human Cancer cells without destroying nearby healthy ones.

13. ECOLOGICAL IMPACT Cut off lights to Aquatic plants, animal Reduce Oxygen content and degrade water quality— fish,etc Prevents natural exchange of gases between the air and body of water. Causes waterway — stagnant , Kill any plant, insects trapped under its growth Problem to migratory birds  fail to recognize the infested waterway Ideal conditions for breeding mosquitos —cause diseases

14. Problem to Humans--- Causes flood Irrigation Conservation of endangered species.

15. CONTROL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL A tiny weewil ( Cyrtobagous salviniae ) feeds on it. 2. MECHANICAL CONTROL Machines, By hand, Harvesting equipment . once removed--- burnt, dried… 3. CHEMICAL CONTROL Fluridon - use to kill the Salvinia . 4. PREVENTION Selling, spreading, transportation etc

16. REFERENCES Aquatic and Riparian Weeds of West, Joseph M. Ditomaso et al., University of California., 2003 Aquatic pest control, University of California, 2001 The families and Genera of Vascular plants, K. Kubiizki , Vol I, 2000, Springer, UK Cryptogamic Botany, Vol 2, Gilbert M. Smith, New Delhi, 1955 Pteridophyta,Sanjay Singh , 1 st Edition, 2008

17. THANK YOU