SAMIKSHA_SINGH_NETWORKING_AND_INTERNET.pptx

Networking and internet

1. Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture And Technology College Of Agriculture Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Assignment : Networking (LAN,WAN), Internet and World W ide Web, HTML and IP Submitted To: Submitted by: Dr . Vishal Mehta S amiksha Singh Date : ID No. B-14874/23

2. Content Networking Local Area Network(LAN) Bus topology Ring Topology Star Topology Tree Topology Hybrid Topology Wide Area Network(WAN) Internet World Wide Web(WWW) HTML Internet Protocol(IP) Reference

3. Networking A computer network is a set of computers sharing resources located on or provided by network nodes . Computers use common communication protocols over digital interconnections to communicate with each other. These interconnections are made up of telecommunication network technologies based on physical wired radio-frequency methods that may be arranged in a variety of network topologies .

4. Local Area Network(LAN) A local area network (LAN) is a computer network that connects devices in a limited area, like a home, office, or school. LANs can be small or large, from a home network with one user to a large enterprise network with thousands of users. LAN COMPONENTS Devices : Computers, laptops, printers, and other devices that connect to the LAN Network Interface Cards (NICs): A hardware component that allows a device to connect to a network Switches: A networking device that connects multiple devices on a LAN and directs data to the correct device Hubs: Broadcast data to every device on the network Cables: Ethernet cables, coaxial cables, and fiber optics are some of the types of cables used in LANs Routers: A device that connects multiple networks and routes data from one network to another LAN software : Helps manage and connect devices on a network

5. Symbolic Representation of some Network Devices

6. LAN Topologies

7. Bus Topology A bus topology is a network topology where all devices are connected to a single cable, or bus , that acts as a shared communication medium. In a bus topology, all devices on the network receive the same signal at the same time.

8. Advantages It is the easiest network topology for linearly connecting peripherals or computers. It works very efficiently well when there is a small network. The length of cable required is less than a star topology. It is easy to connect or remove devices in this network without affecting any other device. Very cost-effective as compared to other network topology i.e. mesh and star It is easy to understand topology. Easy to expand by joining the two cables together. Disadvantages Bus topology is not good for large networks. Identification of problems becomes difficult if the whole network goes down. Troubleshooting individual device issues is very hard. Need terminators are required at both ends of the main cable. Additional devices slow the network down. If the main cable is damaged, the whole network fails or splits into two. Packet loss is high. This network topology is very slow as compared to other topologies

9. Ring Topology Ring topology is a network configuration where devices are connected in a circular pattern to form a closed loop . In this topology, each device is connected to two other devices, one on either side, creating a continuous pathway for data transmission. Data travels in one direction around the ring, passing through each device until it reaches its destination.

10. Advantages In this data flows in one direction which reduces the chance of packet collisions. In this topology additional workstations can be added after without impacting performance of the network. Equal access to the resources. It is cheap to install and expand. Minimum collision. Speed to transfer the data is very high in this type of topology. Due to the presence of token passing the performance of ring topology becomes better than bus topology under heavy traffic. Easy to manage. Ring network is extremely orderly organized where every device has access to the token and therefore the opportunity to transmit. Disadvantages Due to the Uni -directional Ring, a data packet (token) must have to pass through all the nodes. If one workstation shuts down, it affects whole network or if a node goes down entire network goes down. It is slower in performance as compared to the bus topology It is Expensive. Addition and removal of any node during a network is difficult and may cause issue in network activity. Difficult to troubleshoot the ring. In order for all the computer to communicate with each other, all computer must be turned on. Total dependence in on one cable. They were not Scalable.

11. Star Topology A star topology is a network structure where all devices are connected to a central hub or switch In a star topology, the central hub acts as a server, and the other devices act as clients. The hub transmits messages to all other systems or to a specific destination depending on the network design.

12. Advantages It is very reliable – if one cable or device fails then all the others will still work. It is high-performing as no data collisions can occur. It is less expensive because each device only needs one I/O port and wishes to be connected to the hub with one link. Easier to put in. Robust in nature. Easy fault detection because the links are often easily identified. No disruptions to the network when connecting or removing devices. Each device requires just one port i.e. to attach to the hub. If N devices are connected to each other in star, then the amount of cables required to attach them is N. So, it’s easy to line up. Disadvantages Requires more cable than a linear bus. If the connecting network device (network switch) fails, the nodes attached are disabled and can’t participate in network communication. More expensive than linear bus topology due to the value of the connecting devices (network switches). If the hub goes down everything goes down, none of the devices can work without the hub. Hub requires more resources and regular maintenance because it’s the central system of Star. Extra hardware is required (hubs or switches) which adds to the cost. Performance is predicated on the one concentrator i.e. hub.

13. Tree Topology In computer networking, tree topology is a network structure that resembles a tree, with a central node and branches that connect to it: tree topology is a structure where devices are connected hierarchically . It resembles a tree with a root node and various branches. The root node is connected to multiple levels of child nodes, forming a hierarchy. A tree topology, or star-bus topology, is a hybrid network topology in which star networks are interconnected via bus networks. Tree networks are hierarchical, and each node can have an arbitrary number of child nodes.

14. Advantages This topology is the combination of bus and star topology. This topology provides a hierarchical as well as central data arrangement of the nodes. As the leaf nodes can add one or more nodes in the hierarchical chain, this topology provides high scalability. The other nodes in a network are not affected if one of their nodes gets damaged or does not work. Tree topology provides easy maintenance and easy fault identification can be done. A callable topology. Leaf nodes can hold more nodes. Supported by several hardware and software vendors. Point-to-point wiring for individual segments. Tree Topology is highly secure. It is used in WAN. Tree Topology is reliable. Disadvantages This network is very difficult to configure as compared to the other network topologies. The length of a segment is limited & the limit of the segment depends on the type of cabling used. Due to the presence of a large number of nodes, the network performance of tree topology becomes a bit slow. If the computer on the first level is erroneous, the next-level computer will also go under problems. Requires a large number of cables compared to star and ring topology. As the data needs to travel from the central cable this creates dense network traffic. The Backbone appears as the failure point of the entire segment of the network. Treatment of the topology is pretty complex. The establishment cost increases as well. If the bulk of nodes is added to this network, then the maintenance will become complicated.

15. Hybrid Topology Hybrid topology is an interconnection of two or more basic network topologies, each of which contains its own nodes. The resulting interconnection allows the nodes in a given basic topology to communicate with other nodes in the same basic topology as well as those in other basic topologies within the hybrid topology.

16. Advantages Adding a new node or deleting the existing node is easy in hybrid topologies. Hybrid topology is more secure, reliable, and scalable as compared to individual star, ring and mesh topology. Error detection and troubleshooting is easier in hybrid topology. When an organization has a large geographical area utilizing hybrid topology is considered as better option. Traffic with large volume is handled easily by the hybrid topology. The overall performance and speed is greater in hybrid topology. Disadvantages The design and implementation of hybrid network topology is difficult. More number of cables and other physical devices are required for hybrid topology. The process of installation of hybrid topology is difficult. The overall implementation, setup and process of hybrid topology is much more costlier.

17. Wide Area Network(WAN) A wide-area network (WAN) is a large computer network that connects devices across a wide geographic area, like a country or the world. WANs are made up of local area networks (LANs) that connect to one another. The Internet is the world's largest WAN.

18. Merits of WAN Covers a large area: A WAN can cover a broad geographic area. Flexibility: SD-WANs can use multiple transport options, such as MPLS, broadband, and cellular, to connect remote sites. Reduced costs: SD-WANs can reduce WAN costs, with some enterprises reporting up to 90% in operational savings. Demerits of WAN Expensive: WANs can be expensive, especially when paying to transfer data. Maintenance: Maintaining a WAN can be challenging, especially ensuring that the data center is up and running 24/7. Bandwidth limitations: If multiple users or applications are sharing the same network resources, limited bandwidth can lead to slow data transfer rates and latency issues.

19. Comparison between LAN,MAN and WAN LAN MAN WAN LAN is referred to as Local Area Networks. MAN is referred to as Metropolitan Area Networks. WAN is referred to as Wide Area Networks. Ownership of LAN is private. Ownership of MAN can be public or private. Ownership of WAN might not be owned by one organization. LANs transmit data at high speeds. The speed of transmission of MAN is average. WANs transmit data at low speeds. LAN propagation delays are short. MAN propagation delays are moderate . WAN propagation delays are quite long. LANs tend to be less congested. MANs tend to be more congested. WANs is more congested than MAN. LANs maintenance and design are easy. MANs maintenance and design are more difficult than LAN . WANs maintenance and design are also more difficult than LAN as well as MAN . LAN has more fault tolerance. MAN has less fault tolerance. WAN has also less fault tolerance.

20. Internet The internet, sometimes simply called the net, is a worldwide system of interconnected computer networks and electronic devices that communicate with each other using an established set of protocols. The internet was conceived by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the U.S. government in 1969. ARPA was later renamed the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) in 1972. DARPA's first known packet-switching network was known as the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET ). The original goal was to create a network that would let users of a research computer at one university talk to research computers at other universities. A side benefit of ARPANET's design was that because messages could be routed or rerouted in more than one direction, the network could continue to function even if parts of it were destroyed in the event of a military attack or other disaster.

21. Evolution of Internet

22. World Wide Web(WWW) The World Wide Web (WWW) is a system of linked hypertext documents that allows users to access information on the internet. It's made up of three main components: Hypertext Markup Language (HTML): Formats pages that contain hypertext links Uniform Resource Locator (URL) : The addressing scheme used to find a document Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP): Connects computers together Tim Berners-Lee and his colleagues at CERN , an international scientific organization in Geneva, Switzerland , developed the WWW in 1989. The WWW made it easier for people to share information, communicate, and get information. It also opened up the internet to people beyond scientists. “The WWW is part of the internet, but the two aren't synonymous.”

23. Features of WWW WWW is open source. It is a distributed system spread across various websites. It is a Hypertext Information System. It is Cross-Platform. Uses Web Browsers to provide a single interface for many services. Dynamic, Interactive and Evolving.

24. Difference Between WWW and Internet WWW Internet It is originated in 1989. It is originated in 1960. WWW is an interconnected network of websites and documents that can be accessed via the Internet. Internet is used to connect a computer with other computer . WWW used protocols such as HTTP Internet used protocols such as TCP/IP It is based on software. It is based on hardware. It is a service contained inside an infrastructure. There is a entire infrastructure in internet.

25. HTML Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is the standard markup language for documents designed to be displayed in a web browser. It defines the content and structure of web content. It is often assisted by technologies such as Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) and scripting languages such as JavaScript. Web browsers receive HTML documents from a web server or from local storage and render the documents into multimedia web pages. HTML describes the structure of a web page semantically and originally included cues for its appearance. The first publicly available description of HTML was a document called " HTML Tags ", first mentioned on the Internet by Tim Berners-Lee in late 1991 .It describes 18 elements comprising the initial, relatively simple design of HTML.

26. Create and View HTML Webpage Step 1: Open Notepad (PC) Open  Start  >  Programs >   Accessories >   Notepad OR Step 1: Open TextEdit (Mac) Open  Finder > Applications > TextEdit Step 2: Write Some HTML Step 3: Save the HTML Page You can use either . htm or .html as file extension.  Step 4: View the HTML Page in Your Browser

27. HTML Tags

28. Example code of HTML

29. Internet Protocol(IP) Internet Protocols are a set of rules that governs the communication and exchange of data over the internet. Both the sender and receiver should follow the same protocols in order to communicate the data. In order to understand it better, let’s take an example of a language. Any language has its own set of vocabulary and grammar which we need to know if we want to communicate in that language. Similarly, over the internet whenever we access a website or exchange some data with another device then these processes are governed by a set of rules called the internet protocols.

30. History of Internet Protocol In 1974 the starting of the protocol development kicks in Vint . Cerf and Bob Kahn are the architects. It is coupled with TCP so together then they are called the TCP/IP protocols (the transmission control protocol and internet protocol). Each major version of the internet protocol took its own letter of the alphabet and assigned an address to the protocol version number, for instance, IPv4 was Version 4 of the internet protocol. After the IPv4 (version 4), according to the internet protocol and IPv6, which was IPv6 (version 6). The most notable distinction between IPv4 and IPv6 is that the former resources 32 bits to an address, while the latter uses 128 bits for an address. Primary Terminologies IP Address : IP address is referred as a number sticker given to each device that belongs to the network which utilizes Internet Protocol to communicate. It serves two main purposes: host or network interface recognition, identifier or location addressing. Packet: A packet is a parcel of data that is switched between an origin and a destination via the Internet or some other network that is based on the packet switching mechanism. This component mainly has a header and a payload. Router: A router is a network device that (serves as) a forwarding point for data packets between computer networks. Routers carry out the traffic routing functions through the Internet. IPv4 : Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) is a protocol that tends to provide connectivity between the desktop computers online and that application layer is the wider application one that covers most of the Internet communications nowadays IPv6 : Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6), the final iteration in the series of the upgrades to the Internet Protocol, is used for the purpose of identifying, locating and routing of various computers so that traffic through Internet can be transferred properly.

31. Types of Internet Protocol Internet Protocols are of different types having different uses. These are mentioned below: TCP/IP(Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol) SMTP(Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) PPP(Point-to-Point Protocol) FTP (File Transfer Protocol) SFTP(Secure File Transfer Protocol) HTTP(Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) HTTPS(Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure) TELNET(Terminal Network) POP3(Post Office Protocol 3) IPv4 IPv6 ICMP UDP IMAP SSH Gopher

32. Reference Shikshaonline.com GeeksforGeeks.com Codecademy.com MetaAI ChatGPT Wikipedia.com LinkedIn.com ICTScience.com HTMLeditors.com