Sampling fundamentals , decisions & instruments

Business Research

1. Some core concepts: Element Population Sample Subject Sampling –selecting sufficient number of suitable elements from the population so as to generalize their results for the entire population .

2. Sample vs. census Type of study Sample Census Budget Small Large Time available Short Long Population size Large Small Variance in the characteristics Small Large Attention to individual cases Yes No Cost of sampling errors Low High

3. The sampling design process Define the population Determine the sampling frame Select sampling techniques Determine the sample size Execute the sampling process

4. Types of sampling designs

5. CYK A manufacturer wants to conduct a survey on users to determine the demand potential for a new steel refurbishing machine. The new machine has a capacity of 200 tons and costs 30 Lakhs. It can be used for creating products from steel and can be used by automobile & appliance manufacturers . a. Identify the population and sampling frame that could be used. b . Describe how a simple random sample can be drawn using the identified sampling frame. c . Which sampling technique would you recommend? Why?

6. Sample size decisions

7. Caselet 3 – Kiran Garments Kiran has a chain of restaurants in many cities of northern India and was interested in diversifying her business. Her only son, Jai, never wanted to be in the hospitality line. To settle Jai into a line that would interest him, Kiran decided to venture into garment manufacturing. She gave this idea to her son, who liked it very much. Jai had already done a course in fashion designing and wanted to do something different for the consumers of this industry. An idea struck him that he should design garments for people who are very bulky but want a lean look on wearing readymade garments. The first thing that came to his mind was to have an estimate of people who wore large-sized shirts (42 sizes and above) and large-sized trousers (38 sizes and above). A meeting of experts from the garment industry and a number of fashion designers was called to discuss how they should proceed. Many are wanting to estimate the size of such a market. Another issue that was bothering them was how to approach the respondents. It was believed that asking people about the size of their shirt or trouser may put them off and irritate them, and there may not be any worthwhile response. A suggestion that came up was that they should employ some observers at entrances of various malls and their job would be to look at people who walked into the malls and see whether the concerned person was wearing a big sized shirt or trouser. This would be a better way of approaching the respondents. This procedure would help them to estimate in a very simple way the proportion of people who wore big-sized garments. Questions 1. Name the sampling design that is being used in the study. 2. What are the limitations of the design so chosen? 3. Can you suggest a better design? 4. What method of data collection is being employed?

8. Characteristics: Should be clear & precise. Capable of being tested. Should state relationship between variables. Should be specific & limited in scope. Should be stated in simple terms. Should be capable of being tested in limited time. Hypothesis -a proposition put forward as an explanation of some phenomoenon)

9. A hypothesis is a formal tentative statement of the expected relationship between two or more variables under study. • A hypothesis helps to translate the research problem and objective into a clear explanation or prediction of the expected results or outcomes of the study.

10. CONTRIBUTIONS OF HYPOTHESIS It provides clarity to the research problem and research objectives. It describes, explains or predicts the expected results or outcome of the research. It indicates the type of research design. It directs the research study process. It identifies the population of the research study that is to be investigated or examined. It facilitates data collection, data analysis and data interpretation

11. TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS Simple Complex Empirical Null Alternative Logical statistical

12. SIMPLE HYPOTHESIS Simple hypothesis is that one in which there exits relationship between two variables one is called independent variable or cause and the other is dependent variable or effect. Ex. Smoking leads to cancer The higher ratio of unemployment leads to crimes.

13. COMPLEX HYPOTHESIS Complex hypothesis is that one in which as relationship among variables exists. In this type dependent and independent variables are more than two Ex. Smoking and other drugs leads to cancer, tension, chest infections etc. The higher ration of unemployment poverty illiteracy leads to crimes like dacoit etc.

14. EMPIRICAL HYPOTHESIS Empirical which means it is based on evidence. In scientific method the word " empirical " refers to the use of working hypothesis that can be tested using observation and experiment. Empirical data is produced by experiment and observation.

15. QUESTION FORM OF HYPOTHESIS It Is the simplest form of empirical hypothesis. In simple case of investigation and research are adequately implemented by resuming a question. Ex. how is the ability of 9 th class students in learning moral values?

16. NULL HYPOTHESIS Null the hypothesis that there is no significant difference between specified populations, any observed difference being due to sampling or experimental error. It is denoted by H0

17. ALTERNATE HYPOTHESIS The alternative hypothesis , denoted by H 1 or H a , Is the hypothesis that sample observations are influenced by some non-random cause.

18. STATISTICAL HYPOTHESIS A hypothesis which can be verified statistically called statistical hypothesis. The statement would be logical or illogical but if statistic verifies it, it will be statistical hypothesis..

19. DIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESIS Directional Hypothesis predicts the direction of the relationship between the independent and dependent variable. Example- High quality of nursing education will lead to high quality of nursing practice skills. Girls ability of learning moral science is better than boys.

20. NON DIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESIS Non -directional Hypothesis predicts the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable but does not specific the directional of the relationship. Example- teacher student relationship influence student’s learning. There is no significant difference between 9 th class boys and girls abilities of learning moral values.

21. CASUAL HYPOTHESIS Causal Hypothesis predicts a cause and effects relationship or interaction between the independent variable and dependent variable. This hypothesis predicts the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable

22. ASSOCIATIVE HYPOTHESIS Associative Hypothesis predicts an associative relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable. When there is a change in any one of the variables, changes also occurs in the other variable

23. CHARACTERISTICS A Hypothesis must be Capable of Verification. A Hypothesis must be Related to the Existing Body of Knowledge. A Hypothesis Needs to be Precise, Simple and Specific

24. A local non-profit organization focused on alleviating food insecurity has always fundraised from its existing support base. It lacks understanding of how best to target potential new donors. To be able to continue its work, the organization requires research into more effective fundraising strategies. A fashion retail chain is attempting to increase the number of visitors to its stores, but the management is unaware of the measures to achieve this. To improve its sales and compete with other chains, the chain requires research into ways of increasing traffic in its stores . Define the Research problem & the research objectives in both cases Propose a suitable research design also to each