Sandalwood Identification and Analysis

Identification and oil analysis of sandalwood
varieties in Vanuatu and Cape York.

1. Identification and oil analysis of sandalwood
varieties in Vanuatu and Cape York
Vanuatu Department of Forests

2. Santalum austrocaledonicum

6. Methodology
•Tree
–Leaf length & width
–Fruit diameter
–Trunk diameter
–Tree height
–Depth of heartwood
–Colour of heartwood & bark blaze
–Est. bud, flower & fruit number
–Heartwood core sample
–Dried leaf sample
–Herbarium specimen

7. Methodology
•Environmental
–GPS location
–Aspect
–Canopy gap fraction
–Soil descriptions
•Vegetation
–Vegetation Type
–Recruitment
–Nearest Sandalwood
–Species ID within 5m

8. EnvironmentTree and

9. Trunk diameter at base and breast height (1.3m) in 9 populations of
Santalum austrocaledonicum in Vanuatu
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Aniwa E-PoniveE-Punalvaad E-Tamsel Malekula Moso S-Penouru S-Wusi Tanna
Populations
Trunk Diameter (cm)
Dia. @ base
DBH

10. Heartwood % by Population
0
10
20
30
40
Aniwa Ponive Punalvaad Tamsel Malekula Moso Santo Tanna
Heartwood %
19%
34% 29%
36%
27%
21%
19%
32% Dia @
base (cm)

11. Tree habit proportions by population
0
20
40
60
80
Ponive Santo Punalvaad Tamsel Malekula Aniwa Moso Tanna
% Present
ST
TF
MS 12% 14% 16% 43% 13% 22% 42% 33%Canopy
Gap Fr.

12. 10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
Single Trunk Trunk Forking
Tree Form
Canopy Spread (sq m) 0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
Single Trunk Trunk Forking
Tree Form
Canopy Gap Single Trunk 56%
Trunk Forking 40%
Multistemmed 4%

13. % trees with
‘Seedlings’
Aniwa Erromango Malekula Moso Santo TannaRecruitment per tree
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Number of propagules
80% 54% 7% 24% 34% 43%
10.6 4.1 1.0 2.7 4.6 4.6Mean No.
Recruitment

14. Vegetation

16. Species Frequency Differences
Int. Standard
Euphorbiaceae 33%
Psychotria forsteriana 33%
Malaisia scandens 31%
Clematis glycinoides 20%
Vitex campanulata 19%
Diospyros samoensis 19%
Eurycles amboinensis 18%
Maesa sp. 18%
Gyrocarpus americanus 17%
Micromelum minutum 16%
Pterocarpus indicus 16%
Gardenia tannaensis 16%
Rhamnella sp. 16%
Oplismenus hirtellus 14%
Pteris heteromorphophylla 14%
Pongamia pinnata 13%
Tylophora sp. 12%
Acalypha forsteriana 11%
Ventilago austrocaledonica 11%
Alphitonia ziziphoides 11%
Litsea imthurnei 11%
Top 5 Santalol
Pterocarpus indicus 12%
Euphorbiaceae 11%
Annona muricata 8%
Acacia spirorbis 7%
Macaranga dioica 7%
Vitex campanulata 7%
Rhamnella sp. 7%
Tarenna efatensis 6%
Macaranga tannarius 6%
Elattostachys falcata 6%
Cupaniopsis aneityensis 5%
Litsea imthurnei 5%
Trema orientalis 5%
Psychotria forsteriana 5%
Phyllanthus ciccoides 5%
Maesa sp. 5%
Miscanthus sinensis 5%
Pteris heteromorphophylla 5%
Flacourtiaceae 5%
Pittosporum sp. 5%
Lantana camara 4%
Top 5 Yield
Leucaena leucocephala 11%
Cordyline fruticosa 10%
Syzygium clusifolium 6%
Murraya paniculata 6%
Tarenna efatensis 6%
Albizia lebbeck 6%
Derris trifoliata 5%
Acalypha forsteriana 5%
Eurycles amboinensis 5%
Celtis paniculata 4%
Aglaia sp. 4%
Eugenia sp. 4%
Lindsaea sp. 4%
Mimusops elengi 4%
Ervatamia sp. 4%
Similar to Polysias (Nas) 4%
Ficus prolixa 4%
Streblus pendulinus 3%
Gyrocarpus americanus 3%
Elattostachys falcata 3%
Ficus obliqua 3%

17. Species by Species
Annona muricata
Aniwa 24% -16% 84%
*
Tamsel 12% -8% -
Tanna-2.7% -2% -
Total8%-4%6%
Bambusa vulgaris
Malekula 2% 26% 26%
Santo-37% -33% -33%
Tanna-3% -17% -
Total-4% 1%2%
santyieldstd
Pterocarpus indicus
Aniwa-12% -12% -12%
Malekula12% 32% 23%
Moso 9% 10% -
Ponive16% 16% -
Punalvaad37% 17% -
Santo40% -40% 4%
Tamsel-4% -4% -
12% 2%3%

18. Species by Species
Micromellum minutum
Aniwa 0% -20% -20%
Malekula39% 23% 20%
Ponive-4% -4% -
Santo27% -13% 4%
Tamsel-4% -4% -
2%-3%16%
santyieldstd
Macaranga dioica
Malekula 9% -11% 3%
Ponive 0% 0% -
Punalvaad15% 15% -
Santo 0% -40% -7%
Tamsel24% 4% -
Tanna-11% 13% -
7%-3% %

19. Species by Species
Acalypha grandis
Aniwa 4% -16% 14%
Malekula13% -7% 21%
Tamsel 20% 40% -
Tanna-2% -21% -
3% -2%3%
Litsea imthurnei
Malekula 13% -7% 7%
Santo 30% -10% 12%
Litseasp. Santo33% -7% 16%
Total5% -2%11%
Miscanthus sinensis
Moso -5% -5% -
Santo 37% -23% 10%
Tamsel 12% 12% -
Tanna-4% -3% -
5% -3%8%
Macropiper latifolium
Santo-13% -13%-13%
Tamsel -8% 12% -
Tanna -9% -3% -
-3%-3%-5%
santyieldstd

20. Species by Species
Celtis paniculata
Moso -48% -8% -
Ponive -24% -4% -
Punalvaad 5% 25% -
Santo -17% 3% -6%
-8% 4%-1%
Ixora triflora
Malekula-7% -7% 7%
Moso-5% -5% -
Punalvaad-12% -12% -
Santo-27% 13% -4%
-7% -2%4%
santyieldstd
Leucaena leucocephala
Aniwa-44% 16% -64%
Malekula 8% 28% 20%
Moso 0% 0% -
Ponive-12% -12% -
Punalvaad 5% 25% -
Tamsel 12% -8% -
Tanna 9% 13 % -
-4%11%-9%

21. Candidate Species for Genotype x Host
•Micromellum minutum
Occurs on Santo & Malekula and grows more frequently with those of high
oil quality in both sites
•Pterocarpus indicus
Grows more frequently with trees of high oil quality in most of the sample
sites
•Litsea imthurnei
Occurs on Santo & Malekula and grows more frequently with those of high
oil quality in both sites

22. Mean Leaf Length & Width in Vanuatu Sandalwood Populations
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Aniw a E-PoniveE-PunalvaadE-Tamsel Malekula Moso S-Penouru S-Wusi Tanna
Population
Length/Width (mm)
Mean Length
Mean Width

23. Nested ANOVA: Length versus Population, Accession, Aspect
Variance Components
Source Var Comp. % of Total StDev
Population36.218 23.00 6.018
Accession45.390 28.82 6.737
Aspect 33.588 21.33 5.795
Error 42.304 26.86 6.504
Total 157.500 12.550
Nested ANOVA: Width versus Population, Accession, Aspect
Variance Components
Source Var Comp. % of Total StDev
Population2.907 11.77 1.705
Accession6.808 27.57 2.609
Aspect 6.890 27.90 2.625
Error 8.088 32.75 2.844
Total 24.693 4.969

24. Oil & Heartwood

26. Heartwood colour frequency histogram
5D6
6C6
6D5
6D6
6E5
6E6
6E7
7D6
7E5
7E6
7E7
8E5
8E6
8E7
9E5
9E7
0
5
10
15
20
25
Frequency

27. Heartwood Saturation Vs Oil Yield mg/g
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
A B C D E F
Saturation Category
Oil Yield mg/g

28. Primary oil constituents in sandalwood populations of Vanuatu
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Aniw a E-PoniveE-PunalvaadE-Tamsel Malekula Moso S-Penouru S-Wusi Tanna
Populations
Percentage
α-santalol
β-santalol
cis-nuciferol
c-cur12ol
16%
24%
41%

29. %b-santalol
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
% b-santalol %a-santalol
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
% a-santalol %cis-nuciferol
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
% cis-nuciferol % c-cur12ol
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
%c-cur12ol

30. 10
5
10
15
20
25
30
Bi-Tricyclic : Monocyclic Ratio
48% Proportion of trees with a Bi-Tricyclic : Monocyclic Ratio of greater than 1
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Aniw a E-Ponive E-Punalvaad E-Tamsel Malekula Moso S-Penouru S-Wusi Tanna
Proportion of individuals

31. Ratio of Tri/bicyclic : Monocycyclic Sequiterpenes
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
E-Ponive E-Tamsel E-Punalvaad Moso Tanna Aniw a Malekula S-Wusi S-Penouru
Ratio

32. %Z-α-santalol across six islands of Santalum austrocaledonicum in Vanuatu
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
Accession
% Z-α-santalol
Aniw a
Erromango
Malekula
Moso
Santo
Tanna
26.5%
3.6%
34.4%
17.6%
40.2%
18.8%
Int. Std. 41% Aniwa Erromango Malekula Moso Santo Tanna
7 92
Indiv
Meeting
standard

33. %Z-β-santalol across six islands of Santalum austrocaledonicum in Vanuatu
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
Accession
%Z-β-santalol
Aniw a
Erromango
Malekula
Moso
Santo
Tanna
14.3%
11.2%
18.7%
14.6%
20.3%
14.9%
Int. Std. 16%
Int. Std. 24% Aniwa Erromango Malekula Moso Santo Tanna
10 5 22 9 19 14
Indiv
Meeting
standard

34. %cis-nuciferol across six islands of Santalum austrocaledonicum in Vanuatu
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
Accession
%cis-nuciferol
Aniw a
Erromango
Malekula
Moso
Santo
Tanna
Aniwa Erromango Malekula Moso Santo Tanna
10.6%
17.4%
3.7%
9.8%
4.0%
12.2%

35. Oil Yield for 6 islands in Vanuatu
0.00%
1.00%
2.00%
3.00%
4.00%
5.00%
6.00%
7.00%
8.00%
9.00%
Island
% oil
Aniw a
Erromango
Malekula
Moso
Santo
Tanna
1.3% 2.3%
3.6%
1.7% 1.7% 1.9%
2.1% Aniwa Erromango Malekula Moso Santo Tanna

36. Yield & Composition of volatiles extraction by various extraction techniques
Moretta P (2001) Extraction and variation of the essential oil from Western Australian sandalwood (Santalum spicatum). Ph.D. thesis, University of W.A.

37. Summary
•Significant divergence found between populations for a range of characters
•Significant tree-to-tree variation for important oil characters
•Variation in heartwood %, which is independent of DBH
•Heartwood and bark-blaze colour have no relationship with heartwood oil quantity or quality and
cannot be used as a selection criteria
•Considerable potential for short term improvement in oil quality using highest quality individuals
from each population
•Two highest quality populations (Santo & Malekula) are known to have a high incidence of
homozygosity.
•Require greater species survey to identify other ‘high quality’ populations and individuals.
•Continuous variation found for all oil constituents
•Very little evidence for vegetation type to have any influence on the oil characters measured
•Three possible candidate species for use in the host by genotype interaction experiment
Micromellum minutum, Pterocarpus indicus & Litsea imthurnei

38. Santalum austrocaledonicum