Sanitation systems

WATER AND WASTE WATER ENGINEERING- DIPLOMA - GTU

1. SANITATION SYSTEMS SUB : WS&SE BY : D.D.DATTANI CHAPTER-7

2. INDEX IMPORTANT DEFINATION SANITARY WORKS OBJECTS OF SEWAGE DISPOSAL FLOW CHART OF SANITARY DISPOSAL METHODS OF SEWAGE COLLECTION OR SANITATION SEWRAGE SYSTEM D.D.DATTANI 2

3. IMPORTANT DEFINATION REFUSE : WHAT IS LEFT OUT/WORTHLESS,IT MAY BE LIQUID,SOLID,SEMI SOLID WASTE D.D.DATTANI 3

4. IMPORTANT DEFINATION THEY ARE DIVIDED INTO SIX CATEGORIES GARBAGE : IT indicate dry refuse.it includes decay food,vegetables,leaves,waste papers, sweepings.etc. it is of combustible nature RUBBISH : Rubbish indicates sundry solid waste from offices, residences and other buildings. It also includes, waste of building material, broken furniture, paper,rags,etc. SUB-SOIL WATER It is the ground water that finds its entry into sewer through leaks D.D.DATTANI 4

5. GARBBAGE WASTE RUBBISH WASTE SUBSOIL WASTE D.D.DATTANI 5

6. IMPORTANT DEFINATION SULLAGE It includes water from bathroom, kitchen, wash basin. It does not create bad smell since organic matters are absent in it. SEWAGE It includes liquid waste, discharge from latrines, urinals, industrial waste, storm water, sullage water etc STROM WATER It indicates rain water D.D.DATTANI 6

7. SULLAGE SEWAGE STROM WATER D.D.DATTANI 7

8. IMPORTANT DEFINATION SANITARY SEWAGE OR DOMESTIC SEWAGE It is the sewage obtained from the lavatory basins, urinals and water Closets Of Residential buildings. office buildings, theatres, and other institutions. Since IT CONTAINS human excreta and wine, it is extremely foul in nature. NIGHT SOIL It is a term used to indicate the human and animal excreta. SEWERAGE The entire science of collecting and carrying sewage by water carriage through sewers, is known as sewerage. D.D.DATTANI 8

9. SANITARY SEWAGE OR DOMESTIC SEWAGE NIGHT SOIL SEWERAGE D.D.DATTANI 9

10. IMPORTANT DEFINATION Waste Water The term waste water is now increasingly used in place of sewage. Waste includes both organic and mineral matter carried through liquid media. Sewer An underground pipe or conduit which carries sewage is called sewer Soil Pipe The pipe carrying sewage from urinals, water closets etc. Waste Pipe Is the pipe carrying discharge from bath rooms, kitchens, Sinks D.D.DATTANI 10

11. Waste Water Sewer Soil Pipe Waste Pipe D.D.DATTANI 11

12. IMPORTANT DEFINATION VENT PIPE The pipe installed for the purpose of ventilation is known as vent pipe. SIPHONAGE Water seal of traps may break due to siphonic action. This is known as onage ". t is induced when water is suddenly discharged from a fixture on the floor ANTI-SIPHONAGE PIPE A pipe which is installed in the house drainage to preserve the water seal of is known as an anti Siphonage pipe. It maintains proper ventilation and does allow the siphonic action to take place, D.D.DATTANI 12

13. VENT PIPE SIPHONAGE Anti-SIPHONAGE D.D.DATTANI 13

14. IMPORTANT DEFINATION BACTERIA: These are the microscopic unicellular plants or organisms. These are divided three ground The 'aerobic bacteria ’, require light and free oxygen for their existence and growth The 'anaerobic bacteria ' do not require light and free oxygen for their existence growth The 'facultative bacteria can exist in presence or absence of oxygen but they grow in plenty in absence of air. INVERT The lowermost level or surface of a sewer is known as its invert. D.D.DATTANI 14

15. IMPORTANT DEFINATION ORGANIC MATTER Living or dead, human, animal and plant matter and their waste discharges which is highly unstable and decomposes with time. INORGANIC MATTER Inert material like sand, grit, ashes, etc. which is stable with time. SURFACE DRAIN Road side channels meant for collection of sullage and rainwater. D.D.DATTANI 15

16. SANITATION Sanitation is the prevention of the sporadic out break of diseases, and achieved by either controlling or eliminating such environmental factors that contribute the transmission of diseases. SANITARY ENGINEERING It is the branch of public health engineering which deals with the prevention and maintenance of health of the individual and the community, by preventing communicable diseases IMPORTANT DEFINATION D.D.DATTANI 16

17. SANITARY WORKS Collection works Treatment works Disposal works D.D.DATTANI 17

18. SANITARY WORKS- Collection works This procedure is for collecting all types of waste. Refuse is collected separately and the sewage is collected separately All garbage is collecting from individual house Transported by vehicles for disposal in outskirt community The collection of domestic and industrial wastewater is best achieved by a fully developed sewerage or water carriage system. The planning and design of wastewater collection facilities involves the determination of flow rate, hydraulic design of sewers, large conduits, the selection of sewer appurtenances and pumping D.D.DATTANI 18

19. SANITARY WORKS- treatment works Water treatment works are required to treat the sewage before disposal so that it may not pollute the atmosphere and the body of water in which it will be disposed off. If waste water is not treated, it may do the following harms Pollution of water supplies Contamination of bathing places Destruction of food, fish and other aquatic life. Creation of unpleasing sights Atmospheric pollution of air D.D.DATTANI 19

20. The treated or untreated waste waters are disposed off in various ways by the irrigation fields, discharging into rivers, seas, etc. The last stretch of trunk sewer carrying sewage to the disposal point is known as outfall sewer. SANITARY WORKS- DISPOSAL D.D.DATTANI 20

21. Objects of sewage disposal To render sewage inoffensive without causing nuisance or odour . To dispose off human excreta to a safe place, before it starts decomposing and causing insanitary conditions in the locality. To take out all kinds of waste water from the locality, To take out all kinds of waste water from the locality immediately after its production that mosquitoes, flies, bacteria etc, may not breed in it and cause nuisance. D.D.DATTANI 21

22. Objects of sewage disposal To reduce danger to the public health by possible contamination of water supplies, bathing areas etc. In case sewage is left undisposed Final disposal of sewage on land or in near by water courses after some treatment so that receiving land or water may not get polluted. As possible the fertilizing elements of sewage may be used in growing crops through sewage farming and getting some income In unsewered areas, the treatment of sewage from individual houses, should be done by septic tank and the effluent should be disposed off D.D.DATTANI 22

23. METHODS OF SEWAGE COLLECTION OR SANITATION D.D.DATTANI 23

24. METHODS OF SEWAGE COLLECTION OR SANITATION- CONSERVANCY SYSTEM This method of sanititation is in practice since ancient time. It is adopted where no sewerage system exists. This system is also known as DRY SYSTEM In this system all sorts of refuse from community is collected separately first in dust bins or garbage vats, which are located at suitable manually and transported over vehicles to the outskirts of the city and disposed off by compositing ,land filling ,incretion or by dumping in the sea Human excreta or night soil : is collected separately in privies or conservancy latrines. Human agency is emplloyed in removal of these waste D.D.DATTANI 24

25. CONSERVANCY SYSTEM ADVANTAGES Cheaper in cost Quantity of disposal to treatment plant is less As storm water is separated less chances of blockage in sewer lines DISADVATAGES Less Hygiene and sanitary aspect Transportation is difficult Labour aspect/health issue Building aspect Risk epidemic Pollution problem Cost consideration Disposal land requirement D.D.DATTANI 25

26. IN this system collection, conveyance, and disposal pf various types of waste are carried out with help of water. Thus water is used as medium to convey the waste from its point of production to the point of its final disposal The sewerage is so formed that 99% is water & 1% is solid waste. D.D.DATTANI 26 METHODS OF SEWAGE COLLECTION OR SANITATION- WATER CARRIAGE SYSTEM

27. METHODS OF SEWAGE COLLECTION OR SANITATION- WATER CARRIAGE SYSTEM ADVANTAGES Hygiene and sanitary aspect Epidemic aspect Pollution aspect Compact in design Disposal land requirement Cost consideration Transport aspect Treatment aspect DISADVANTAGES Initial cost is high Maintenance cost is high D.D.DATTANI 27

28. COMPARISION Unhygienic Lots of foul smell Compact house design not possible Large requirement of labour No technical person is required High pollution problem Large land requirement Disposal in streams create pollution Good quality manure can obtained Suitable in smaller villages Hygienic No foul smell Compact house deign is possible Small amount of labour required Technical person is required Less pollution compare to conservancy system Less land required Treated sewage can be reused Suitable for urban areas Requires high water consumption D.D.DATTANI 28 CONSERVANCY SYSTEM WATER CARRIAGE SYSTEM

29. WATER CARRIAGE SYSTEM- SEWRAGE SYSTEM COMBINED SYSTEM SEPARATE SYSYTEM PARTIALLY SEPARATE SYSTEM D.D.DATTANI 29

30. SEWRAGE SYSTEM - COMBINED SYSTEM The combined system provides only one sewer to carry both the foul sewage as well as the rain water. The sewage and rain water are carried to the sewage treatment plant, before its final disposal. This system is best suited in areas having small rainfall D.D.DATTANI 30

31. SEWRAGE SYSTEM - COMBINED SYSTEM ADVANTAGE It carries both single sewer, so construction is less The strength of domestic is reduced because of dilution of storm water The sewer are large size and therefore the chances of their choking are rare. Also, it is easy to clean them In towns, this system is proffered DISADVANTAGE Initial cost is high Because of large sewer , their handling and transportation is difficult Due to the inclusion of the storm water, the load on the treatment plant increase During heavy rains, the sewer may overflow and may thus create unhygienic conditions If the whole sewage is to be disposed off by pumping it is uneconomical Strom water is polluted D.D.DATTANI 31

32. SEWRAGE SYSTEM - SEPERATE SYSTEM The separate system provides two separate systems of sewers. The one intended for the conveyance of foul sewage only; and the other for the rain water, including the surface washing from certain streets, overflow from public baths and foundations etc. The sewage from the first system of sewers can be led to the treatment works, while the flow from the second system of sewers can be discharged directly to natural streams etc. without any treatment. D.D.DATTANI 32

33. SEWRAGE SYSTEM - SEPERATE SYSTEM ADVANTAGE Size of sewer requires less Quantity of sewage water is treated less Easy ventilation No stream pollution Rain water discharge into streams without any treatment DISADVANTAGE Difficult in cleaning Likely to get chocked Initial cost is high Maintenance of sewer is also high More flushing point is required D.D.DATTANI 33

34. SEWRAGE SYSTEM – PARTIALLY SEPERATE SYSTEM In this system, only one set of underground sewers is laid. These sewers admit the foul sewage as well as the early washings by rains. As soon as the quantity of storm water exceeds a certain limit, the storm water overflows, and is thus collected and conveyed in open drains to the natural streams. D.D.DATTANI 34

35. PARTIALLY SEPERATED SYSTEM ADVANTAGE Size of sewer is reasonable It combines advantage of both separate as well as combined Sullage water & rain water combines in one pipe Sewers are cleaned in rainy season DIS-ADVANTAGE During dry flow deposition takes place As initial cost is included cost of pumping and size of disposal increases The strom water increases load on treatment units There are possiblities of over flow D.D.DATTANI 35

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