Sanskrit beginners course-part1

Learn Sanskrt in easy way.

1. !
SANSKRIT!
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A"SIMPLE"APPROACH"
FOR"BEGINNERS"
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USING"ŚĀSTRAM"FOR""
VEDĀNTA"STUDENTS"
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2. INTRODUCTION"TO"THE"COURSE""
(
This"course"is"designed"to"give"a"simple"start"to"those"who"are"new"to"the"
Saṃskṛta"language,"or"who"wish"to"revise"some"study"already"done."
"
The"course"consists"of"2"parts:"
1."Practice"sheets"
2."Recordings"
(
It"aims"to"give"students"the"confidence"to"read,"sound"and"study"the"language"
of"the"śāstram."It"will"assist"a"beginner"in"the"basics"of"grammar,"which"may"
inspire"future"study."""""
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PART"1"T"READING"AND"WRITING"
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3. PART"1"SHEET"1"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""16""Svr|: svarāḥ"T"vowels."
aa" a|ā £"i Œī"
Ñu"""""""""""""ªū""""""""""""""""""" Aṛ °ṝ""""""
‚ ḷ " l¿ ḹ é e éeai
a|eo""""""""""a|Eau""""""""a"aṁ"""""""a:"aḥ"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""(anusvāra)"""""""(visarga)"""""
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4. PART%1%SHEET%1%–%NOTES%%
s"Skºtm\-%saṁskṛtam%is%a%most%refined%and%systematic%language%and%
today%remains%almost%identical%to%how%it%was%in%Vedic%times.%%
%
Vowels'
There%are%16%Svr|:%-%svarāḥ%or%vowel%sounds.%Each%vowel%can%be%
sounded%by%itself,%but%the%consonants%depend%upon%the%vowel%to%be%
sounded.%
'
Devanāgarī'Text%
The%name%given%to%the%Sanskrit%script%is%%devn|grI devanāgarī.%
'
Transliteration%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
Transliteration%is%a%system%for%representing%Sanskrit%text%in%Roman%
characters.%%
%
Anusvāra'
anuSv|r%-%Anusvāra%%is%the%nasal%sound,%which%is%marked%by%a%dot%
above%the%line%of%a%syllable.%The%dot%at%the%end%of%a%word%is%sounded%
as%a%halanta%‘m’%at%this%stage.%%
%
Visarga'
ivsgR%-%Visarga%is%the%name%given%to%the%two%dots%after%a%syllable.%This%
is%represented%by%the%letter%ḥ%in%transliteration.%The%Visarga%indicates%
a%slight%aspiration%of%breath.%
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5. "
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PART"1"SHEET"2"""""""""""""""""""""""""
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Śāntipāṭhaḥ"T"Peace"Invocation"
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Om""""asato"mā"sad"gamaya"
tamaso"mā"jyotir"gamaya"
mṛtyor"mā’mṛtaṁ""gamaya"
"
Om"""śāntiḥ"""śāntiḥ"""śāntiḥ"
(
(
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Om""pūrṇamadaḥ"pūrṇamidaṁ"""
pūrṇāt"pūrṇamudacyate"
pūrṇasya"pūrṇamādāya""
pūrṇamevāvaśiṣyate"
"
Om"""śāntiḥ"""śāntiḥ"""śāntiḥ"
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6. "
PART"1"SHEET"2"–"NOTES"
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A'Key'to'the'Measures'
The"vowel"or""Svr:"T"svara"T"is"sounded"with"3"different"measures"of"time."
The$Short$Vowel$"T"
˙Sv: Svr:""T"hrasvaḥ"svaraḥ"T"is"a"measure"of"one"unit"of"time.""
The$Long$Vowel$"T"
dI`R: Svr:"T"dīrghaḥ""svaraḥ"T"is"a"measure"of"two"units"of"time.""
The$Prolonged$Vowel$"T"
Plut: Svr:"T"plutaḥ""svaraḥ"T"is"a"measure"of"more"than"two"units"of"time."
This"length"is"most"commonly"used"when"using"the"vocative"case"and"when"
you"need"the"prolonged"sound"to"be"represented"by"a"shape"it"is"written"like"
the"number"three"T"3"after"the"vowel"it"represents."
Sounding'Sanskrit'
It"is"important"to"sound"the"letter"A"as"purely"as"possible."The"A"in"the"word"
Amen,"is"a"good"example"as"with"this"A"the"throat"is"fully"open."
Measure'
It"is"also"important"to"sound"the"accurate"length"or"measure"for"the"vowels"as"
the"length"of"the"vowel"you"sound"will"have"an"effect"upon"the"meaning"of"the"
word."
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7. pp
@@ @[
 ƒ

½
l ll
@N@N
|
lD
@.

8. !
PART!1!SHEET!4!
!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
& Om!……………………………............!
!
!
a a!……………………………………………!!!!!a|!!ā!…...………….………………..……!
£!!! i!..............................................Œ ī!...........................................!
Ñ u!……………………………………………!!!!!ª ū!…........….…..…………….………!!!
A ṛ!….…………………………................!!!!!!° ṝ!………………………..………….…… !
‚ ḷ .…………………….……………………!!!!!!!!!l¿ ḹ .….………………….…………….…!
é e!……..…………………..………………!!! ée!!!!ai!…..……………………..…….……!
a|e!!!o!……..…………………………………….!!!!!!a|E!!au …........…………………….….….!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
a" aṃ!...…………………………..………...!!!!!!a:!aḥ …......…………....................!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!

9. PART"1"SHEET"5"
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SANSKRIT"HAS"FIVE"DIFFERENT"POINTS"OF"ARTICULATION"
The"vowels"and"consonants"are"sounded"from"five"points"of"articulation"(seen"above)."A"
point"of"articulation"is"a"position"in"the"mouth"where"sound"is"produced."The"consonants,"
which"are"called"sparśaTs"(meaning"‘touch’),"have"a"point"of"contact"between"the"tongue"
and"mouth."
The"gutturals"are"sounded"from"the"throat."""""a a""
The"palatals"are"sounded"from"the"palate.""""""£""i""
The"cerebrals"are"at"the"roof"of"the"mouth."""""A""ṛ""
The"dentals"are"sounded"just"behind"the"teeth."""‚ ḷ""
The"labials"are"sounded"with"the"contact"at"the"lips.""Ñ u""

10. "
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PART"1"SHEET"6"
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PRONUNCIATION"OF"THE"CONSONANTS"
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"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
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Gutteral"T"throat""""""""""""ka"""""""kha"""""""ga"""""""gha"""""""ṅa""""""""""""""k_Q:"T"kaṇṭhaḥ"""
Palatal"T"palate"""""""""""""""ca"""""""cha"""""""ja""""""""jha""""""""ña""""""""""""""t|lu"""T"tālu"
Cerebral"T"roof"""""""""""""""ṭa""""""""ṭha"""""""ḍa"""""""ḍha"""""""ṇa""""""""""""""mU=|R"""T"mūrdhā"
Dental"T"teeth""""""""""""""""ta"""""""tha"""""""da"""""""dha"""""""na"""""""""""""""dNt|:""T"dantāḥ"
Labial"T"lips"""""""""""""""""""""pa"""""""pha"""""""ba""""""bha""""""ma""""""""""""""a|eXQ|E""T"oṣṭhau"""""""""""""
""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""I"""""""""""""""""""""I"""""""""""I"""""""""""""""""""""""""""
""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""aspirated""""aspirated""nasal"
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11. Gutterals a a k ka , kha g ga ` gha $ ṅa h ha (Throat)
Palatals £i c ca ¡ cha j ja ! jha {| ña y ya z śa (Palate)
Cerebrals Aṛ q ṭa Q ṭha w ḍa W ḍha - ṇa r ra X| șa (Roof )
Dentals ‚ḷ t ta @| tha d da = dha n na l la s sa (Teeth)
Labials Ñu p pa f pha b ba # bha m ma v va (Lips)
I I I I I
PART 1 SHEET 7 aspirated aspirated nasal semi-vowels sibilants

12. "
PART"1"SHEET"7T12"NOTES"
Sheet"5"–"Each"mouth"position"has"various"letters,"all"said"to"be"of"the"same""
v-R:"T"varṇa,"family."The"nasal"of"the"palatal"v-R:"varṇa"has"a"transliteration"
curve"above"the"n"which"looks"like"this"ñ."
"
Sheet"7"T"A"syllable"or"letter"is"called"aárm\""T"akṣaram."All"syllables"have"a"
vowel"and"one"or"more"consonants."The"word""aárm\"–"akṣaram"means"
indestructible."An"aspirated"aárm\""akṣaram""T"is"a"syllable"which"has"more"
breath"than"an"unTaspirated"aárm\"akṣaram."A"nasal"aárm\""akṣaram""is"a"
syllable"sounded"through"the"nose."aár|i-–"akṣarāṇi"means"alphabet.""
A"vowel"is"called"a""Svr:"T"svaraḥ."A"consonant"is"a""Vy{jn"T""vyañjana."
A"semiTvowel"is"aNt:S'"T"antaḥstha."A"sibilant"is"ªXm|n"T"ūṣmāna."
An"unTaspirated"consonant"is"called"aLpp/|-"T"alpaprāṇa."
An"aspirated"consonant"is"called"mh|p/|-"T"mahāprāṇa."
"
SHEETS"8/9/10"""
Writing"the"consonants:"as"a"start,"and"to"help"simplify"the"writing"of"the"
consonants,"try"writing"the"line"at"the"top"first,"followed"by"the"downward"
strokes,"then"the"curved"shapes.""
hlNt""T"halanta."The"word"halanta"refers"to"a"word"ending"in"a"consonant"
instead"of"a"vowel."It"is"a"grammatical"expression."(Hal"–"is"an"abbreviated"way"
of"representing"all"the"consonants,"and"anta"–"means"end.")"It"is"represented"by"
an"oblique"line"just"after"and"below"the"Saṃskṛta"consonant"it"represents."""
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13. PART%1%SHEET%8%%
Gutterals%k%ka%……………………%,kha%…………………%g%ga%…..…………….%
`%gha%....................%$ṅa%.......................%h%ha%………….……...%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%Palatals%%%%%c%ca%…..…...…….......%¡%cha%…...................%j%ja%.………………..%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
!%jha%.………….…%{|%ña%.………………%y%ya%……..……%%z%%śa%…….………%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
Reading%and%writing%practice%
,%kha%….……..…%g%ga%…......……%,%g:…..................%khagaḥ%..........%bird%
c%ca%………...….............................%c%%............................%ca%.................%and%%
g%ga%…………...…%j%ja%…........……%gj:…...................%gajaḥ%.............%elephant%
é%e……..……...…%k%ka%….......……ék%….....................%eka%................%one%%
%

14. PART%1%SHEET%9%%
Cerebrals((q%ṭa%……...…………………Q%ṭha%…….....……….w%ḍa%....……………….%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
W%ḍha%….…………..-%ṇa%.………...……rra%……......….…X|șa%.......………….%
Dentals%%t ta%…..………….……@|tha%..………………d%da%…..……………....%
=%dha.……………n%na….…………l%la…………….%%s%sa……..…………%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
Reading%and%writing%practice%
n%....……………………………………..…%n%….......................%na%...................%not%
t%ta%…………....%t%ta%.................%tt:.....................%tataḥ%...............%therefore%%
g%ga%………...…%t!ta%….........……%gt:….................%gataḥ%...............gone%
a|%ā%…..…….…%h%ha%…......….…%a|h…..................%āha%..................said%

15. PART"1"SHEET"10""
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Labials"""p"pa......……………f"pha….…..………"""b"ba…........…………"
""""""""""""""""#"bha…...…….……m"ma…………....…""v"va..................."""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
"
Reading"and"writing"practice"

£"i"……….........v"va"….............."£v"..........................."iva".........................."like"
é"e"………...……v"va...........……"év"…...................."eva"....................."indeed"
v|"vā"......…...…d"da….......……v|d:…..................."vādaḥ"................."speaking"
aa"…………....."is"si"..........."ais"........................"asi"......................."am""
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16. PART"1"SHEET"11""""""Practise"writing"simple"Saṁskṛta"words,"then"their"
transliteration."As"you"write,"please"remember"the"meaning"of"the"word."
""""""""""""
nm:"…..…………………..….…"namaḥ".…...…….………………......"a"salutation""

st\"………………….……........"sat"….......…….....…………………...."existence""

y'|"……..……………..……....."yathā"……..…..........……………..…."just"as"

t'|"………………….…....…...."tathā"………..........………………....."so"
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=nm\"………………….………..."dhanam"………...........………………"riches/wealth"

k|r-m\"…………….………......"kāraṇam"…….....…………….........."cause"

£dm\"……………….………......."idam"…….....……….………............"this"
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17. PART"1"SHEET"12""""""""""Practise"writing"simple"Saṃskṛta"words,"then"their"
transliteration."As"you"write,"please"remember"the"meaning"of"the"word."
"
"""""""""""""
#ym\"…..……...……...……....."bhayam"…….........................…..…fear"
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a#ym\"…………………...…….."abhayam........………..........…………fearlessness"
(((((((((((((
k|m:"….………….............……"kāmaḥ"….……......………..............."pleasure"

prm\".................................."param".......................................highest""

jp:".…………...........…….…..."japaḥ"..….……....................."mental"repetition"

flm\".……….............….…...."phalam...…..……...........…...........fruit"

Ñprm:"…………………………..."uparamaḥ"................….…..."withdrawal""

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18. PART"1"SHEET"13"""""""""CONSONANTS(HAVE(TWO((PARTS(
The"shapes"of"the"vowels"change"when"they"are"written"within"a"word."
"
k\"k""+(a""a (((((=((((((((((k"ka"
k\"k""+(a|""ā!!(((((=((((((((((k|"kā"
k\"k""+(£ (i(((((((=(((((((((((ik"ki ((
k\"k""+(£R""""ī"!!!!!(=(((((((((((kI"kī"!!("
k\"k""+((Ñ(((u(((((((=(((((((((((ku"ku
k\"k""+(ª""ū!!(((((=(((((((((((kU!!kū
k\"k"+((A("ŗ""((((((=(((((((((((;""kŗ"
k\"k""+(° ṝ"((((((=(((((((((((k¿!!kṝ"
k\"k"+((‚ ḷ = " the ‚ is written underneath the k\ kḷ
k\"k"+ l¿ ḹ =(("""""""the l¿ is written underneath the k\ kḹ
k\"k"+ é e(((((((=(((ke"ke k\"k"+ ée ai((((((=((kE"kai"""
k\"k"""+ a|e o(((=(((k|e"ko""""""""""k\"k"+ a|E au((=((k|E"kau
"

19. PART"1"SHEET"14"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
deeh:".............………...............…"dehaḥ"..........…..……....………............"body"

jIv:"............………............…."jīvaḥ".................….....……….........."individual"

y|eg:".........………...............…."yogaḥ"............…..……....……….............."union"

ved:".........………................…."vedaḥ"...........…………...."body"of"knowledge

ivc|r:".......………..............…."vicāraḥ"...........…..…........……..........."enquiry"

m|eh:".........……….................."mohaḥ"............…..……...……............."delusion"

ivvek:".........………............…."vivekaḥ".....…..…….......……....."discrimination"
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pu®x:"........……….............….."puruṣaḥ".............…..…….......…..........."person"
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20. PART"1"SHEET"15""
(
Vowels(that(come(first(in(a(word(or(pada(remain(unchanged:(
(
Ñp|snm\".…………............…."upāsanam"...…..……....…….........."meditation"

ahm\"....……….............…....."aham"............…..……....………................."I"

£Rz:".....………................…... Īśaḥ"............…..……....………..........The"Lord"

a|exi=:"....………............…..."oṣadhiḥ".......…..……....………........."herb/plant"

AGved:….…...............…........ṛgvedaḥ..........…..……....……….........."Ṛg"Veda"

Ñpi-xd\".....…........….........."upaniṣad".........……...………..........."Upaniṣad"

a|k|z:".....………................."ākāśaḥ"..........…..……....………..............."space"
"

21. PART"1"SHEET"16(((((((CONJUNCT(CONSONANTS(
(
In"Saṁskṛta"we"can"have"consonants"that"appear"without"a"vowel.(
That"halanta"consonant"can"be"combined"with"another"consonant"and"will"depend"upon"the"
vowel"of"that"other"consonant"to"be"sounded."""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
s\ s""+""v"va""=""Sv"sva""
Sv|im"…..…………………...…..."svāmi"………………………...………....……."Swami"

z\ ś""+""v"va"""=""Zv"śva"
ŒZvr:".………….............….…"īśvaraḥ"...…..……....………......................."Lord"

k\""k +""A"ṛ = ;" kṛ x\ ṣ "+"""-"ṇa = X-""ṣṇa
;X-"……………………………………"kṛṣṇa"………..……..................………"Lord"Krishna""

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
b\ b""+"""r"ra"""="""b/"bra """"""h\"h""+""m"ma"""=""ì"ma""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
b/ì"…………………..……………..…."brahma"…………………….………….."universal"reality"""
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22. PART"1"SHEET"17"
t\ t""+""m"ma"""="""Tm"tma""""
a|Tm|".………...….............……."ātmā".......…..……....……….............."self""
d\ d""+""y"ya""""="""ƒ"dya"""
ivƒ"……………………...….……."vidya"……..………………………………..."knowledge"
"
In"some"conjunct"consonants"the"shape"of"the"letters"change:"

}|"tra""""""""D"jṅa""""""á"kṣa"etc"
Here"are"some"examples"showing"their"construction:""""

t\ t""+"r"ra"""=""}|tra"""now"putting""a""s\ s""+""}|"tra"""=""S}|""stra"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
z|S}|m\"…...……………………….."sāstram"……..……………………........."scripture""

j\ j""+""["ña"""=""D"jña"""
D|nm\".………….............….…"jñānam"...…..……....………............"knowledge"

k\ k""+""x""ṣa""=""á"kṣa""""
aárm\"…………...........…….…"akṣaram"...…..…….…….............."indestructible"
"

23. "
PART"1"SHEET"18"
Halanta((r\ before(a(consonant(appears(as(a(small(half(circle(on(top(of(the(
next(vowel(sound:(
"
pu®x|@|R:"........……….....….."puruṣārthaḥ".............……….......………"human"goal"
1"a@|R:"....……….............…......"arthaḥ"........……....………..................."security"
2"k|m:".....……….............…..."kāmaḥ"............…..……....………..........."pleasure"
3"=mR:(....……….............…..."dharmaḥ"......…..……....…….............."lawful"duty"
4"m|eá:"...……….............…..."mokṣaḥ"......…..……..……….................."liberation"
["k\"k""+""x""ṣa"""="""á""kṣa"]"
"
Write"the"four"human"goals"or"puruṣārthaTs"in"Saṃskṛta"below:"
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1"arthaḥ"T"security......................................................................"
"
2"kāmaḥ"T"pleasure...................................................................."
"
3"dharmaḥ"T"duty......................................................................."
"
4"mokṣaḥ"T"liberation................................................................"

24. (
PART"1"SHEET"19(!!!!!!!!!!!!Kaṭha"Upaniṣad"Invocation"
"
& sh n|vvtu « sh n|E #unÇu «
sh vIyR" krv|vhE «
tejiSvn|v=ItmStu m| ivièx|vhE »
& z|iNt: z|iNt: z|iNt: »
"
Om""""saha"nāvavatu"saha"nau"bhunaktu"saha"vīryaṁ""karavāvahai"
tejasvi"nāvadhītam"astu"mā"vidviṣāvahai"
"""""""""""Om"""śāntiḥ"""śāntiḥ"""śāntiḥ"
"
May!He!protect!us!both!together!(through!the!vision!of!advaita).!
!!!!!!May!He!nourish!us!both!together!(by!giving!us!the!circumstances!
!!!In!which!the!vision!can!flourish).!
!!!May!we!have!strength!together!(to!face!what’s!presented!with!poise).!
!!!!!May!I!have!that!glow!(of!inner!composure).!
May!I!understand!well!(the!Upanishadic!vision).!
May!there!be!no!communication!gap!(between!myself!and!my!teacher).!
May!peace!and!peace!and!peace!be!everywhere.!

25. """"""""""!
PART"1"SHEET"20(!!!!!!!!!!!!Kaṭha"Upaniṣad"Invocation"T"Worksheet"
"
""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
sh ....……….…………….....…..!saha....................………...…."together"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
n|E …………….…………..………….."nau"..…..…………..…................"us"both""
avtu"…………………………………."avatu"…….……..............……"may"protect"
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!May!He!protect!us!both!
!
sh ....……….…………….....…..!saha"........................……………."together"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
n|E …………….…………..………….."nau"……..….....……..…............."us"both""
#unÇu"………………………………."bhunaktu"…….….......………..........."nourish"
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!May!He!nourish!us!both!

sh ....……….…………….....…..!saha".........................…………….together"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
vIyRm\"………………………………"vīryam"…….........……...……..........."strength"
krv|vhE"……….……………...…"karavāvahai"……..……...…......"may"we"have"
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!May!we!have!strength!together!
"

26. PART"1"SHEET"21"!!!!!!!!!!!!"

tejiSvn|"...……….…………….....!tejasvinā"................…………."brightness"
av=Itm\"……………....……………"adhītam"……......………understood"well""
aStu"…………………………..........…"astu"……..................…....………"let"it"be""
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!May!I!have!that!glow,!and!understand!well!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

M||".........................….....……......"mā"……….................................."never""""
ivièx|vhE"…………….....……"vidviśāvahai"……........"may"there"be"hatred""
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!May!we!have!no!communication!gap!between!us!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"
"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
Now"make"your"own"translation"of"this"invocation:"
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________"
"
"
"

27. k\ +t =Kt kta
or
= ≈ kta
k\ +y =Ky kya
k\ +r =F kra
k\ +l =Kl kla
k\ +v =Kv kva
k\ +w =x kêa
˚\ +y =y khya
g\ +∂ =G∂ gdha
g\ +n =Gn gna
g\ +r =g/ gra
©\ +n =Ìn ghna
©\ +r =©/ ghra
@\ +k =¤ åka
@\ +˚ =£ åkha
@\ +g =‹ åga
@\ +© =$ ågha
h\ +n =Ó hna
h\ +m =˜ hma
h\ +y =Á hya
h\ +r =˙ hra
h\ +v =◊ hva
c\ +c =Cc cca
c\ +ç=Cç ccha
c\ +y=Cy cya
c\ +r=c/ cra
ç\ +r=ç^ chra
ç\ +v=ç\v chva
j\ +y=Jy jya
j\ +r=j? jra
j\ +[=D jña
[\ +c == ñca
[\ +j ={j ñja
q\ +q =’ ŒŒa
œ\ +g =‹ Øga
œ\ +œ =” ØØa
~\ +œ =ˆœ ÃØa
~\ +~ =ˆ~ ÃÃa
~\ +y =ˆy Ãya
Common consonant combinations/1

28. t\ +k =Tk tka
t\ +t =. tta
t\ +† =T† tta
t\ +n =Tn tna
t\ +p =Tp tpa
t\ +m =Tm tma
t\ +y =Ty tya
t\ +r =] tra
t\ +v =Tv tva
t\ +s =Ts tsa
d\ +g =% dga
d\ +d =fl dda
d\ +∂ =fi ddha
d\ +b =‡ dba
d\ +∫ =* dbha
d\ +m =µ dma
d\ +y =ƒ dya
d\ +v =√ dva
n\ +t =Nt nta
n\ +d =Nd nda
n\ +∂ =N∂ ndha
n\ +n =Nn nna
n\ +m =Nm nma
n\ +y =Ny nya
n\ +v =Nv nva
p\ +t =Pt pta
p\ +n =Pn pna
p\ +m =Pm pma
p\ +y =Py pya
p\ +r =p/ pra
p\ +l =Pl pla
b\ +b =Bj bja
b\ +∂ =B∂ bdha
b\ +y =By bya
b\ +r =b/ bra
∫\ +y =ıt bhya
∫\ +r =∫/ bhra
∫\ +v =ıv bhva
m\ +p =Mp mpa
m\ +b =Mb mba
m\ +∫ =M∫ mbha
m\ +y =My mya
m\ +r =m/ mra
h\ +A =H hà
Common consonant combinations/2
Consonant + vowel

29. h\ +n =Ó hna
h\ +m =˜ hma
h\ +y =Á hya
h\ +r =˙ hra
h\ +v =◊ hva
r\ +k =kR rka
r\ +g =gR rka
r\ +c =cR rca
r\ +j =jR rja
r\ +t =tR rta
r\ +d =dR rda
r\ +m =mR rma
r\ +y =yR rya
l\ +p =Lp lpa
l\ +y =Ly lya
v\ +y =Vy vya
v\ +r =v/ vra
z\+c=Zc orÛ éca
z\+r=ZcorÍ éra
z\+v=Zv orΩ éva
z\+y=ZyorÛéya
z\+m=ZmorÛéma
w\ +k =Wk êka
w\ +q =∑ êŒa
w\ +~ =W~ êÃa
w\ +p =Wp êpa
w\ +y =Wy êya
s\ +t =St sta
s\ +† =S† stha
s\ +n =Sn sna
s\ +π =Sπ spha
s\ +m =Sm sma
s\ +y =Sy sya
s\ +r =ß sra
s\ +v =Sv sva
k\+t\+y =KTy ktya
k\+t\+v =KTv ktva
or
Ù
@\+˚\+y=£¥
åkhya
t\+n\+y=TNy tnya
t\+r\+y=}y trya
t\+s\+y=TSy tsya
t\+r\+y=}y trya
d\+v\+y=ô dvya
n\+d\+r=Nd/ ndra
n\+∂\+r=N∂/ ndhra
w\+q+v=Ç êŒva
Common consonant combinations/3
Multiple consonant combinations

30. "
PART"1"SHEET"25"
"
READING"PRACTICE"T"VOCABULARY"SHEETS""

a#ym\ abhayam"T"fearless"
a|h""āha"T"said
a|k|z: ākāśaḥ"T"space"
aárm\ akṣaram"T"indestructible"
a@|R: arthaḥ"T"security"
aiSt asti"T"is"
a|Tm| ātmā"T"self""
ahm\ aham"T"I"
#ym\ bhayam"T"fear"
b/ì brahma"T"universal"reality"""
c ca"T"and"
deeh: dehaḥ"T"body"
=nm\ dhanam"T"riches/wealth"

31. PART"1"SHEET"26"

=mR: dharmaḥ"T"lawful"action,"duty"
ék eka"T"one"
£Rz: Īśaḥ"T"the"lord"
év eva"T"indeed"
gj: gajaḥ"T"elephant"
gt: gataḥ"T"gone"(masc.)"
£dm\ idam"T"this"
ŒZvr: īśvaraḥ"T"Lord"
£v iva"T"like"
jp: japaḥ"T"mental"repetition"
jIv: jīvaḥ"T"individual"
D|nm\ jñānam"T"knowledge"
k|m: kāmaḥ"T"pleasure/desire"
k|r-m\ kāraṇam"T"cause"
,g: khagaḥ"T"bird"

32. PART"1"SHEET"27"
"
k|m: kāmaḥ"T"pleasure"
;X-: kṛṣṇa"T"Lord"Krishna"""""""""""
m|eh: mohaḥ"T"delusion"
m|eá: mokṣaḥ"T"liberation"
N| na""T"not"
nm: namaḥ"T"a"salutation/bow"
a|exi=: oṣadhiḥ"T"herb/plant"
prm\ param"T"highest"
flm\ phalam"T"fruit"
pu®x: puruṣaḥ"T"person"
sh saha"T"together"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
z|S}|m\ śāstram"T"scripture""
st\ sat"T"existence""
%I śrī"T"respectful"title"
Sv|im svāmi"T"swami"

33. PART"1"SHEET"28"
"
tt: tataḥ"T"therefore""
t'| tathā"T"so"
Ñprm: uparamaḥ"T"withdrawal"
Ñpi-xd\ upaniṣad"T"Upaniṣad"
Ñp|snm\ upāsanam"T"meditation"
v|d: vādaḥ"T"speech;"argument"
ved: vedaḥ"T"body"of"knowledge
ivc|r: vicāraḥ"T"enquiry"
ivƒ vidya"T"knowledge"
ivvek: vivekaḥ"T"discrimination"
y'| yathā"T"just"as
y|eg: yogaḥ"T"union""