SCHISTOSOMIASIS.pptx

Definition ,Epidemiology,Pathophysiology ,Types,S, Hematobium ,S, Mansoni ,S, Japonicum,life cycle ,Clinical presentations ,signs and symptoms ,Diagnosis ,Treatment ,Complications ,Prognosis and preventive measures.
Schistosomiasis is caused by five species of blood flukes in the genus Schistosoma. The adult worms live in veins and cause disease. Diagnosis involves examining stool for eggs. Symptoms range from initial fever to long-term issues like liver damage and portal hypertension. Praziquantel treatment can cure 85% of cases. Prevention relies on avoiding contact with infected freshwater in endemic areas and improving sanitation.

1. SCHISTOSOMIASIS Mr. Otema Simple BNS - SUN

2. Objectives By the end of this lesson, learners should be able to: Define schistosomiasis Describe the transmission of schistosomiasis Outline the signs and symptoms of schistosomiasis Identify the diagnosis of schistosomiasis Identify the preventive measures of schistosomiasis Describe the management of schistosomiasis Identify the complications of schistosomiasis infection

3. Introduction Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by flukes (trematodes) of the Genus schistosomes Its also called bilharzia or snail fever: its mostly common in places with poor sanitation The schistosomes are known as blood flukes as they live in vascular system of humans and other vertebrate hosts. Most of the human schistosomiasis is caused by S. haematobium, S. mansoni, S. japonicum

4. Epidemiology Its estimated that 200 million people are infected globally, with 800 million people living where there is risk of infection. More than 70% of infected people live in Sub-Saharan Africa. Its poverty related disease

5. Causes The larvae form (cercariae) of Schistosoma penetrate the skin from contaminated water and they migrate to different parts of the body, usually the urinary tract (Schistosoma haematobium) and the gut (S. mansoni) Human schistosomiasis is caused by five species of the parasitic genus Schistosoma: S. haematobium which causes urogenital disease S. mansoni and S. japonicum, S. mekongi and S. intercalatum causes intestinal disease.

6. Risk factors Swimming in lakes, ponds and other water bodies infested with snails Fishing (both men and women) Women washing clothes in infested water are at risk

7. Mode of transmission Eggs hatch releasing Miracidia (larvae/ larval stage) Miracidia penetrate snail tissue(fresh water snail) Cercariae released by snail into water then penetrates the skin especially in cuts or wound

8. Signs and symptoms Schistosomiasis occurs in three stages that vary by species, intensity of infection, and host factors (e.g. age, genetics) Stage 1: Cercarial dermatitis Causes a pruritic maculopapular rash (swimmers’ itch) that last for 1-2 weeks Stage 2: Acute schistosomiasis (katayama fever) Its caused by S. japonicum and present between 2-3 week and 3 months after parasitic exposure with fever, myalgia, general malaise, fatigue, headache, cough, abdominal tenderness.

9. Stage 3: chronic schistosomiasis Its largely associated with the granulomatous and fibrotic responses to Schistosoma ova during mature infections and mainly Intestinal schistosomiasis which presents with abdominal pain, diarrhoea, blood in stool, hematemesis and liver enlargement. Urinary schistosomiasis, which presents with hematuria, painful urination, frequent need to urinate, vaginal bleeding and painful sexual intercourse in female

10. Diagnosis History taking e.g. geographical history, clinical presentation, and presence of ova in excreta Physical examination Stool examination Immunological test like Antigen detection, antibody test Urine dipstick Full blood count SAMPLES Stool Urine Serum

11. Treatment 1. Praziquantel 40mg/kg single dose for S. mansoni, S. intercalatum and S. haematobium 2. Metriphonate is the alternative drug of choice in schistosomiasis due to S. haematobium. (7.5 mg/kg. weekly for 3 weeks). 3. Steroids (corticosteroids) are used to relieve the symptoms of acute schistosomiasis

12. Nursing management 1. Medication Administration : 2. Symptom Management : 3. Fluid therapy: 4. Infection Control: 5 . Wound Care and Skin Hygiene: 6 . Nutritional Support:

13. Prevention Avoid urinating or defecating in or near water Avoid washing or stepping in contaminated water Effective treatment of cases Clear bushes around landing sites Health education and awareness Mass treatment of entire communities and targeted treatment of school-age

14. Complications Gastrointestinal bleeding GI obstruction Malnutrition Schistosomal nephropathy Renal failure Pyelonephritis hematuria

15. Assignment

16. References UCG 2023 Publication (Final PDF version). Pdf Bloom, K. S. (2001) Toohey’s Medicine; A text book for students in health care professionals. 15th Edition. Churchill .UK Brunner and suddhart medical and surgical nursing 12 th edition

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