Schools of Psychology

EDUC 201: Foundation of Education

Topic: Schools of Psychology

-structuralism
-functionalism
-behaviorism
- gestalt approach

1. EDUC 201 Foundation of Education TOMAS CLAUDIO MEMORIAL COLLEGE Taghangin, Morong, Rizal Prof. Minda Dela Vega CANDICE CAMILLE A. SANTIAGO

2. Schools of psychology

3. structuralism

4. structuralism Proponents: Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener Considered to be the first “school” of psychology sought to analyze the adult mind (the sum total of experience from birth to the present) in terms of the simplest definable components and then to find how these components fit together to form more complex experiences as well as how they correlated to physical events

5. Titchener… the founder of structuralism attempted to classify the structures of the mind It is true, nevertheless, that observation is the single and proprietary method of science, and that experiment, regarded as scientific method, is nothing else than observation safeguarded and assisted. [Systematic Psychology]

6. Titchener… that the goal of psychology was to study mind and consciousness defined consciousness as the sum total of mental experience at any given moment, and the mind as the accumulated experience of a lifetime Introspection

7. Elements of the Mind Sensations (elements of perception) Images (elements of ideas) Affections (elements of emotions)

8. behaviorism

9. behaviorism Proponents: John Watson and B.F. Skinner an approach to  psychology  that combines elements of philosophy, methodology, and theory “Psychology should concern itself with the observable behavior of people and animals, not with unobservable events that take place in their minds”

10. In education… a change in external behavior achieved through a large amount of repetition of desired actions, the reward of good habits and the discouragement of bad habits the "teacher" is the dominant person in the classroom the “learner” does not have any opportunity for evaluation or reflection within the learning process

11. Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov Is known for his work in classical conditioning or stimulus substitution Classical conditioning differs from operant or instrumental conditioning, in which a behavior is strengthened or weakened, depending on its consequences http://m.youtube.com/watch?v=hhqumfpxuzI

12. Connectionism Theory Edward L. Thorndike Is known for the original S-R framework of behavioral psychology Learning is the result of association forming between stimuli and responses. Such associations or habits become strengthened or weakened by the nature and frequency of the S-R pairings.

13. Three primary laws Law of Effect S-R bond is strengthened when consequence is positive and weakened when consequence is negative Law of Exercise The more an S-R bond is practiced, the stronger it will become Law of Readiness The more readiness the learner has to respond to the stimulus, the stronger will be the bond between them. 13

14. John watson H umans are born with a few reflexes and the emotional reactions of love and rage . All other behavior is learned through stimulus-response associations through conditioning. Baby Albert Experiment http ://m.youtube.com/watch?v=FMnhyGozLyE 14

15. Operant Conditioning B.F. Skinner with the modification of "voluntary behaviour "  or operant behaviour Operant behavior operates on the environment and is maintained by its consequences Reinforcement is the key element http://m.youtube.com/watch?v=SUwCgFSb6Nk 15

16. functionalism

17. Functionalism (Functional Psychology) Proponents: Dewey, Mead, Carr and Angeli Founder: William James a general psychological philosophy that considers mental life and behavior in terms of active adaptation to the person's environment

18. Functionalism a theory of the mind in contemporary  philosophy , developed largely as an alternative to both the  identity theory of mind  and  behaviourism Its core idea is that mental states (beliefs, desires, being in pain, etc.) are constituted solely by their functional role – that is, they are causal relations to other mental states, sensory inputs, and behavioral outputs

19. Types of Functionalism Hilary Putnam inspired by the analogies noted between the  mind  and the theoretical "machines" or computers capable of computing any given  algorithm Jerry Fodor and Zenon Pylyshyn based on the rejection of  behaviourist theories in psychology and their replacement with empirical cognitive models of the mind Machine-State Functionalism Psychofunctionalism

20. Types of Functionalism David Lewis is concerned with the meanings of theoretical terms in general Daniel Dennett postulate the existence of an entire hierarchical series of mind levels (analogous to  homunculi ) which became less and less sophisticated in terms of functional organization and physical composition all the way down to the level Analytic Functionalism Homuncular Functionalism

21. Gestalt Approach

22. Gestalt Psychology Proponent s : Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Kohler and Kurt Koffka Means “form” or “configuration” the whole is other than the sum of its parts Learners are active Perception

23. Gestalt Laws Law of Closure individuals perceive objects as being whole when they are not complete Law of Similarity elements within an assortment of objects are perceptually grouped together if they are similar to each other Law of Proximity when an individual perceives an assortment of objects they perceive objects that are close to each other as forming a group

24. Law of Good Continuation Individuals have the tendency to continue contours whenever the elements of the pattern establish and implied direction Law of Good Pragnanz The stimulus will be organized into as good a figure as possible Law of Figure/ Ground individuals tend to pay attention and perceive things in the foreground first.

25. Insight Learning Developed by Wolfgang Kohler the abrupt realization of a problem's solution The important aspect of learning was not reinforcement, but the coordination of thinking to create new organizations.

26. References Lucas, Maria Rita D. and Corpuz , Brenda B. (2007). Facilitating Learning: A Metacognitive Process . Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing Inc. Zulueta , Francisco M. and Maglaya , Elda M. (2007). Foundations of Education . Mandaluyong City: National Bookstore Structuralism . [On-line]. Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structuralism_(psychology) Behaviorism. [On-line]. Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behaviorism Functionalism . [On-line]. Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_psychology Gestalt Approach. . [On-line]. Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestalt_psychology

27. References Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov [On-Line]. http :// m.youtube.com/watch?v=hhqumfpxuzI Baby Albert Experiment [On-Line]. http :// m.youtube.com/watch?v=FMnhyGozLyE BF Skinners Operant Conditioning Chamber [On-Line]. http ://m.youtube.com/watch?v=SUwCgFSb6Nk