SCI9-Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology.pptx

Genetic Engineering, Biotechnology, Gene Therapy

1. Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology

2. Genetics This is the study of genes that code for the traits that you have inherited from your parents. Engineering brings to mind the work of designing and creating large structures such as roads and bridges. Genetic Engineering -is the process of modifying the genes of selected organisms to create genetically modified organisms (GMOs).

3. Steps in Genetic Engineering of Bt Corn Step1: DNA Isolation Step2: Ligation Step3: Transformation Step4: Cloning Step5: Selection Step6: Infection

4. 9.Step1 : DNA Isolation First, plasmid needs to be isolated. 1.Plasmid - a small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that is distinct from a cell's chromosomal DNA. Plasmids naturally exist in bacterial cells, and they also occur in some eukaryotes . Often, the genes carried in plasmids provide bacteria with genetic advantages, such as antibiotic resistance. -This bacterium causes crown gall disease in plants.( Agrobacterium tumefaciens )

5. Second, a gene of interest needs to be isolated as well. 2.Gene of interest -  is the DNA sequence that encodes the protein or RNA molecule you want to study or produce . *the gene of interest here is a pest-resistant gene taken from Bacillus thuringiensis . * Bacillus thuringiensis is a species of bacteria used as pesticides, it has lethal protein called the bt toxin .

6. 3.Step2 : Ligation The restriction enzyme cuts the gene of interest and opens the plasmid. Afterwards, the gene of interest is inserted into the plasmid which is joined by DNA Ligase. 4.Restriction enzyme – also known as DNA-cutting enzymes because their main role is to cleave the DNA into fragments on specific recognition sites. * EcoRI (from Escherichia coli ) is used as restriction enzyme for Bt corn . 5.DNA Ligase – is also known as DNA-joining enzyme because it joins or ligate two DNA strands. The plasmid with the gene of interest is now called recombinant plasmid .

7. Step3: Transformation 6.Transformation - is a natural process where bacteria can take up the genetic material in the environment. During the transformation, the bacterial cell walls will have a pores. The recombinant plasmid will enter the host cell/bacteria. The bacterial host cell take up the recombinant plasmid.

8. 7.Step4 : Cloning Transformed cells – if the bacterial host cells ingest a plasmid. Recombinant cells – are those that take up the recombinant plasmid with the gene of interest. Nonrecombinant cells – are those that ingest a plasmid but without the gene of interest. 2. Nontransformed cells – are those that did not take up any plasmid. Cloning the desired bacterial cell to have enough copies that you need to proceed to the next steps. Both the transformed and nontransformed cells are placed in a medium with an antibiotic called ampicillin .10 The pest-resistant gene will also be replicated as the transformed cells grow and multiply.

9. Step5: Selection Selecting the desired recombinant cell with the gene of interest using nutrient medium. Step6: Infection Plant tissue will be infected with the bacteria with the recombinant plasmid. Because this recombinant plasmid has the gene of interest, which in this case is the pest-resistant gene. The plant will grow and be transformed into pest-resistant plant.

10. Aside from this, genetic engineering is also helpful in making gene therapy possible. 8.Gene Therapy Uses genes instead of drugs or surgery to treat or prevent various diseases. This therapy replaces abnormal genes or creates beneficial protein.