SCIENCE and health lecture 2.pptx....................

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1. SCIENCE & HEALTH WRITING

2. TYPES OF SCIENCE ARTICLES (according to structure) Science news (hard) Science feature (soft) Science news feature Science editorial/commentary

3. ELEMENTS OF SCIENCE ARTICLE Definition Case Study Statistics Expert's quote

4. TIPS ON WRITING SCIENCE NEWS ARTICLE

5. Assess data provided in the fact sheet; can be done by categorizing the data using 5Ws

6. Appreciate the fact sheet. Identify the news (angle).

7. Avoid editorializing/injection of so many opinions; use interviews/quotes from experts/fact sheet

8. Provide analysis to statistical data.

9. Use descriptions, definitions for literal meanings

10. Use quotations in the lead only if highly quotable

11. Write subheads.

12. 　　　　 Philippines grapples with 35,000 tons of garbage daily: ADB expert MANILA, Oct. 13 (Xinhua) -- The Philippines generates about 35,000 tons of garbage daily, and more than 8,600 tons per day in Metro Manila alone, an Asian Development Bank (ADB) expert said on Friday. In an article in the Asian Development Blog published on Friday, ADB's Aldrin Plaza of the urban development officer of the Sustainable Development and Climate Change Department said that disposing solid waste poses a big challenge to the Philippine government.

13. 　　　 He said a sizable proportion of the refuse is openly burned, further worsening the quality of the city's already heavily polluted air. "There have been attempts to hold back the tide of rubbish. The 2000 Ecological Solid Waste Management Act (ESWMA) is considered landmark legislation on environmental management," Plaza wrote. However, Plaza lamented that "many of the law's goals have yet to be achieved."

14. 　　　 "The NIMBY (not in my backyard) attitude, weak local government units capacities, and lack of alternatives to landfilling have aggravated the situation," he said. Metro Manila is now home to more than 12 million people. As with many other megacities in Asia, Plaza said waste collection and disposal is a major environmental issue. "The problem extends beyond the capital," he said.

15. 　　　 The 2000 Act, for instance, is considered landmark legislation on environmental management. It aimed to systematically organize and sustainably manage the collection and disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW) in the country. The law mandated the establishment of MSW collection systems anchored on the so-called 3R formula - reduce, reuse, and recycle - that involves segregation at source and the establishment of intermediate facilities such as materials recovery facilities, which ideally should be established at the barangay (neighborhood) level.

16. 　　　 The law also provided specific deadlines for closing unsanitary open dumpsites. "Cities are still dumping waste on open dumpsites," he said. In 2010, when all open dumpsites should already have been closed as mandated by the law, he said 790 were still operating. Plaza cited three major obstacles that have contributed to the Philippines' failure to stem the tide of producing garbage.

17. 　　　 A second obstacle is financing and governance. He said the investment costs and management burden of a comprehensive MSW management system are too burdensome for many cities. Third, he said the ban on incineration eliminated a viable alternative to landfilling. The 2000 law solely prescribed engineered sanitary landfills as the acceptable method of final waste disposal, and the 1999 Clean Air Act prohibited incineration for MSW disposal. 　　

18. TIPS ON WRITING SCIENCE FEATURE ARTICLE

19. 1. When using unfamiliar scientific terms, define as briefly as possible a. Give its literal meaning The disease, called Cadang-cadang, has caused the deaths of millions of coconut trees since it was first reported in 1931. Cadang-cadang literally means yellowing or the slow death of a plant…

20. 1. When using unfamiliar scientific terms, define as briefly as possible b. Make it descriptive; give it a touch of color The packet is pristine white, almost antiseptic and the advertising stresses the cleanness of the brand. Under the cellophane, high gloss paper and silver foil are 20 cigarettes which the somewhat evangelical wrapping says are of ‘low-tar content.’ They are double-filtered and they are said to be ultra light, as opposed to their several dozen competitors which are variously touted to be simply ‘light,’ ‘super light,’ ‘cool,’ or ‘refreshing.’

21. Emphasize the magnitude of the problem The Central plains (in Thailand) where rice harvest is plentiful is also home to millions of rodents, causing an average loss of 25 percent of pre-harvest crop. Some estimates even peg the total crop loss to as much as 70 percent. The World Health Organization estimates that one rat can eat about 27 pounds of warehouse food and deposit about 25,000 droppings to spoil more. More than 4 billion rats (about 1 billion in Asia) now inhabit the world and they destroy more than 33 million tons of stored grains each year. In Asia, they destroy about one-third of the food produced yearly.

22. When reporting a research or technological breakthrough, do tell why it is a breakthrough The most promising treatment against diarrheal attacks developed so far is the oral rehydration fluid. The oral rehydration fluid is made of 3.5 grams table salt, 2.5 grams of baking soda, 1.5 grams of potassium chloride and 20 grams of glucose (or sucrose) dissolved in one liter or potable water. An aluminium foil packet produced by the Philippine Ministry of Health costs 70 centavos (US $0.09) and three packets dissolved in three liters of water usually are enough to bring a child to full recovery.

23. Incorporate historical points as backgrounder One of the earliest and most dramatic demonstrations of the efficacy of oral rehydration was acted out in the subcontinent under the most difficult field conditions. During the 1971 civil upheaval in Bangladesh, refugees in Indian camps were firat given intravenous fluids against shock and then the oral fluids. Deaths from diarrheal diseases were brought down from 30 percent to 1 percent.

24. Provide a balanced perspective. A serious protein-calorie malnutrition (PCM) affects an estimated half of all Filipino children under four –one of the highest rates in the world. A malnutrition survey by the Department of Health also reveals that 85 percent of schoolchildren were suffering from PCM. “Very closely linked to this is the available food supply,” a Philippine country health profile says. Since 1960, farms devoted to food crops have sunk while commercial croplands expanded to 35 percent of all cultivated land. About 55 percent of the whole farming acreage is used for export crops—sugar, coconuts, bananas, rubber, pineapple, coffee and cocoa—much of it directly controlled by foreign interest.

25. Provide attribution. More and more researches involving humans will be done in Asia in the coming years, and there is a strong need to safeguard participating people,” says Dr. David M. Macfadyen, head of WHO’s Research and Promotion Development. Or: The US Congress-commissioned study made by its Environment, Energy and Natural Resources Subcommittee says the “nuclear power is no longer a cheap energy source…”

26. TIPS ON WRITING SCIENCE EDITORIAL

27. S - tate the problem P - osition on the problem E - vidence to support your position C - onclusion: Who ’ s going to be affected and how? S - olutions to the problem; give at least 2

28. State the subject and your position on the subject in the introduction. Discuss opposing points of view. Prove your position with supporting details. Draw a conclusion .

29. HOW do I begin???!!!

30. The Beginning: Editorial Lead The editorial lead, like in the news story, is the showcase of the write-up. However, it is not considered the heart of the story unlike in the news. The heart could be in the middle or at the end, depending upon the whims and style of the editorial writer. Remember that it must contain enough “sparks” to urge the readers to read the whole article. A flat, dull and dragging lead will readily turn readers away. It does not have to follow the traditional five W’s and one H. The editorial writer has more freedom to display his creativity than the news writer in the writing of the lead.

31. Opening statements… Narration ex. October saw a long and heated debate in the Constitutional Convention Hall which resulted in the passing of a resolution lowering the voting age from 21 to 18. An order ex. Go out and vote. A question ex. Remember the legend of the poinsettia and the story of the sanctuary bells?

32. The opening statement must be brief. It may consist only of the news on which the editorial is based, or the topic or problem to be taken up. It may be: Emphatic statement or maxim ex. The law might be harsh, but it is the law. A striking statement about the topic. ex. Patriot, orator, lawyer, martyr – that was Jose Abad Santos. A quotation ex. “Time is gold,” so the saying goes. “Education is the best provision for old age.” Such were the words of Greek Philosopher Aristotle.

33. Opening statements... Poetic ex. In the darks depths of man’s labyrinth of fears may lie hidden a ray of hope which man, in his despair over other problems, may have overlooked . Prophecy ex. If nothing is done, we will wake up one day to find that there are not enough schools for our children. Reaction ex. Never has the government been so concerned with labor as it is now.

34. The Body The body should include the editorial’s basic facts, the causes and effects behind incidents, situations, illustrations and arguments.

35. Drafting : Writing the BODY When writing the body, remember to: Keep an eye on the list of points you intend to discuss. Write without worrying whether the wording of each sentence is perfect and Leave plenty of room for rewriting

36. The Conclusion The last part drives home the final important thought or direction. This conclusion may be in the form of advice, challenge, command or just a rounding out or a simple summary .

37. Drafting: Writing the CONCLUSION If the editorial must have an impelling lead paragraph, it follows that it must also have a good ending - one that could literally clinch the “ballgame.” The writer must remember that the most emphatic positions are the beginning and the end .

38. Here are some typical last paragraphs: Proverb ex. Savage sentences ought to be deplored. But there is only safe rule to follow when travelling abroad. When in Rome, do as the Romans do. Quotations ex. A book by Dennise and Ching Ping Bloodworth offers us an insight into the ways of statecraft. We think this quotation from the book a timely reminder: “…A country or a party should form a vertical ‘united front’ with enemies who can be liquidated later, in order to be able to destroy the enemy who must be liquidated now.”

39. Last paragraphs... Advice ex. We must always be on the guard against these lawless elements. Comparison ex. Other countries were able to save their forests by buying our exported logs. For a few thousand dollars, we are practically selling them the environs of future generations of Filipinos. Contrast ex. Societal reforms cannot, indeed, make headway if more privileges are piled up for a few while the great majority of the population become mere onlookers.

40. Last paragraphs... Crusading ex. Get out and vote! Argumentative ex. We therefore urge the police, the local governments, the BAI, and the courts to crack down hard on dog thieves. In the old American West, horse thieves are lynched. We are not advocating the same punishment for dog thieves but they should be treated as criminals, not as mere pranksters. If we don’t, our moral values will certainly go to the dogs.

41. Last paragraphs... Formal and the standard form ex. We hope it is not too late. It is about time the proper steps are taken. Conclusion ex. With these improvement programs, the people of Manila and suburbs are assured of good water supply and efficient service.

42. After writing the draft… Revise your work. Add action and clarity to writing Reread your draft carefully Focus sentences through parallelism and translation Rethink, reevaluate and rewrite Use transitions Move sentences Add words and phrases

43. After writing the draft… Proofreading and Editing Concentrate on surface features of your writing Check for clarity Check for errors in grammar, punctuation, mechanics and spelling Publishing Prepare copy for print, broadcast or electronic media Follow style sheet Choosing a way to present your work: Print Broadcast Electronic Media

44. Tips for writers

45. Simple style Avoid high fallutin’ words Learn to develop a simple, clear, direct and vigorous style of writing Choose your words that will accurately describe or explain a point or issue

46. Sound reasoning Support arguments with the right facts Logical thinking shows the writer’s competence Cluttered ideas and unsubstantiated arguments shoo readers away

47. Brief, exact & concise 150 to 200 words Complex sentences and long paragraphs are wearisome and dull the senses See to it that every word used counts and serves its purpose

48. Be specific Use concrete facts and figures not general ideas, terms or statements Hazy and broad generalizations do not impress