SCIENCE The-Endocine-and-Nervous-System-1.pptx

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1. The Endocrine System and Nervous System

2. In the previous lesson, you have studied the different glands and specific role in the reproductive organs. Now, let us explain the overall function of this system in the body. The Endocrine system is made up of a group of organs called Endocrine Glands. A Gland is the smallest living unit in the body that produces and releases a chemical substance called Hormones.

3. Endocrine system are consists of many glands which secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate daily activities of the body and controls its overall development. The hormones act as chemical messengers in the body which stimulates many organs such as the ovaries and the testes. 2 The Endocrine System is also known as the “system of checks and balances” that works to keep the body system healthy. One of the instances when the endocrine system is working properly is by sending chemical signals to another gland which responds by controlling the chemicals of the first gland. 1 The Over-all Role of the Endocrine System

4. When the endocrine system is not properly doing its job, the overall health of the body may be affected such as energy level, physical appearance and the ability to produce offspring. It is similar to Thermostat (temperature regulator) because it may turn on when the temperature is below normal and may turn off when the temperature is above normal, thus the endocrine system turns on and off in response to the level of hormones in the body. 4 3

5. Positive and Negative Feedback Coordinated by the Different Systems of the Human Body

6. Homeostasis is responsible in the regulation and maintenance of the internal environment of the body. It regulates body temperature, fluids, salts, acids, gases and nutrients that help support human life. Internal control system of the body responds immediately to the change from the different conditions or internal environment. There are different control system in the body-sensors , control center , communicating system and targets .

7. SENSORS Sensors are receptors which are responsible in gathering information about the conditions inside and outside of the body. For instance, during summer or winter, your skin and nostrils sensors function as receptors gathering data information about the temperature. The skin is made up of many internal sensors that detect changes in the environment. The human body is made up of sensory neurons which carry impulses to the brain or spinal cord.

8. 2. CONTROL CENTER The control center of the body is the brain which part from the sensors. It then examines the information to the ideal values (set point) in which the body functions well. If the set point is below the control center quickly responds by sending messages through the communicating systems – the nervous system and the endocrine system

9. 3. COMMUNICATING SYSTEM The nervous system and the endocrine system are the communicating system of the body. They carry the information to all parts of the body. Through nerve impulse and hormones dictates the target cell or organs in the body how to respond with the internal and external changes.

10. 4. TARGETS – Target is any organ, tissue or cell which is responsible to the changes in the activity of the body in response to the message received. The human body is made up of electrical signals or neurons which receives input , process the input and produce a response.

11. PARTS OF NEURONS Dendrites are branched cell components that receives stimulus from the other neurons or sensory receptors. Cell body contains a nucleus which will process the stimulus. Axon will transmit the stimulus to a gland, muscle, organ or other neuron.

12. Target Cell Response to Hormones Different types of hormones are secreted by endocrine glands and directly diffused into the bloodstream. The hormones will travel to the different parts of the body. Only the target cells have receptors to which the specific type of hormone can bind. The response occurs when the hormones lock, and key binding triggers the target tissue.

13. Feedback Mechanism Involved in Regulating Processes in the Female Reproductive System

14. Many function of the body processes operate using feedback systems. The body maintain its state of balance or homeostasis through a control system activated by many feedback systems. To maintain normal cell functions of the body, intracellular and extracellular substances in the environments, such as pH, temperature and required amounts of substances needed by the body have to be a relatively constant. In addition, the body must cope with pollution infection, stress and other conditions. To maintain life processes and proper functions of the cell, feedback system is important.

15. The nervous system and the endocrine system play an important role to function and feedback system of the body. The nerve cell are able to perceive changes once hormones are releases in the body from the endocrine system in which the brain respond quickly. The hormones of the endocrine system control the system slowly. For instance, hormones and nerve cells regulate the movement during labor contractions. When labor starts, nerve cells in the uterus signal the hypothalamus to release oxytocin hormone into the bloodstream. Which causes the uterus to contract. Feedback regulation can be either positive or negative.

16. How Nervous System Coordinates and Regulates Feedback Mechanism to Maintain Homeostasis

17. 1. HOMEOSTASIS AND INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT The complex tissues, organs and organ systems in our body must respond to the different conditions and situations in the environment. The body has variety control systems to keep its internal environment stable and responsible for maintaining homeostasis.

18. 2. Negative Feedback Negative Feedback is a control system to reduce or minimize any changes or conditions of the body which keeps the whole body system stable. It also mechanism that regulates homeostasis. The term negative is a deviation from set point. The set point refers to the normal value and ideal requirement of the body to maintain homeostasis. The secretions of hormones from the endocrine glands are under the control of hypothalamus which is also controlled by negative feedback. Increased breathing is a good example of how a negative feedback loop works. Oxygen is necessary for breathing in order for the proper functioning of the body and to secrete carbon dioxide. Due to the presence of high levels of carbon dioxide in extracellular fluid, breathing increases and therefore oxygen supply increases in the air lungs. As a result, counteracts the high amounts of carbon dioxide. High level of carbon dioxide is harmful t the body. Negative feedback loops maintain state of balance by reversing change to return its normal condition of the body.

19. Another example of a negative feedback mechanism is when the levels of glucose(sugar) in the blood are regulated the hormone insulin. When blood sugar increases in the body, the receptors in the body detect a change. Due to this condition, the pancreas insulin into the blood effectively to lower down the sugar level. The pancreas stops releasing insulin once the blood glucose level reach homeostasis.

20. 2. Positive Feedback Positive feedback is a control system which uses information from sensors to increase the rate of processes. It is also exact opposite of a negative feedback mechanism. This type of feedback is important whenever a rapid change is necessary. It deviates from a set point; therefore, it becomes greater which makes a bad situation worse. This type of feedback is rarely found in healthy people. For instance, if you cut your finger, positive feedback mechanism is used in the production of the nerve impulse and increase the rate of change in blood clotting until the wound is sealed. Another example is during child birth, during labor, the oxytocin release in the uterus intensifies and speeds up contractions. The release of oxytocin stops when the baby is born. The birth ends the release of oxytocin and ends the positive feedback mechanism

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