Scientific management

construction management

1. SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENTSCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT
F W Taylor is recognized as the father of F W Taylor is recognized as the father of
scientific management, who attempted to scientific management, who attempted to
introduce a rational and systematic introduce a rational and systematic
approach to management. approach to management.
Emphasis is given to planning, Emphasis is given to planning,
standardising and improving human standardising and improving human
efficiency at the different operation levels, efficiency at the different operation levels,
in order to maximise output with minimum in order to maximise output with minimum
input.input.

2. Principles / Elements of Principles / Elements of
Scientific ManagementScientific Management
1.1.Scientific task settingScientific task setting
2.2.PlanningPlanning
3.3.Study of the different works / activitiesStudy of the different works / activities
4.4.Scientific selection and training of workersScientific selection and training of workers
5.5.StandardisingStandardising
6.6.Differential piece-rate system of wagesDifferential piece-rate system of wages
7.7.Functional organisationFunctional organisation
8.8.Mental revolutionMental revolution
9.9.Cost accounting Cost accounting

3. 1. 1. Scientific task setting task setting
Standard task is the quantity of Standard task is the quantity of
work which an average worker can work which an average worker can
perform under ideal standardised perform under ideal standardised
conditions in one day, generally conditions in one day, generally
called ‘a fair day’s work’, which for called ‘a fair day’s work’, which for
every worker should be fixed after a every worker should be fixed after a
scientific study.scientific study.

4. 2. 2. Planning
Planning is the heart of Scientific
management as per Taylor. He wanted to
set up a Planning Department for every
enterprise.
Thus “what to do, when to do, where to
do and how to do” is planned before the
commencement of the project.

5. 3. 3. Study of worktudy of work
It is the critical examination of It is the critical examination of
all the factors governing the all the factors governing the
operational efficiency of any specific operational efficiency of any specific
activity. Study is conducted regarding activity. Study is conducted regarding
the movement of the worker, time the movement of the worker, time
taken, fatigue, etc.taken, fatigue, etc.
Thus the best method of doing Thus the best method of doing
a job and the standard time required a job and the standard time required
for its completion is determined.for its completion is determined.

6. 4. 4. Scientific selection and training of workers selection and training of workers
A systematic way for the selection A systematic way for the selection
of workers is to be followed, depending of workers is to be followed, depending
upon the nature of work to be done. upon the nature of work to be done.
Every job must be entrusted to Every job must be entrusted to
the best worker considering his skill, the best worker considering his skill,
experience and trainings undergone.experience and trainings undergone.
Before appointment the workers Before appointment the workers
are to given an induction training. Proper are to given an induction training. Proper
trainings to update their knowledge in the trainings to update their knowledge in the
latest techniques are also to be latest techniques are also to be
conducted when ever needed. conducted when ever needed.

7. 5. 5. Standardisationandardisation
Standardisation of performance, Standardisation of performance,
tools, equipments, materials, working tools, equipments, materials, working
conditions, etc. is necessary as per scientific conditions, etc. is necessary as per scientific
management.management.
Workers are to be provided with Workers are to be provided with
the required tools, materials and the the required tools, materials and the
environment, so that the works are executed environment, so that the works are executed
with the optimum no. of workers, expenditure with the optimum no. of workers, expenditure
and time.and time.

8. The steps involved in The steps involved in
STANDARDISATIONSTANDARDISATION
1.1.Establishing standardsEstablishing standards
2.2.Appraising performanceAppraising performance
3.3.Taking corrective measuresTaking corrective measures

9. (1) Establishing standards(1) Establishing standards
Standards of performance are set up Standards of performance are set up
for various operations at the planning stage, for various operations at the planning stage,
which serve as the basis for any control system. which serve as the basis for any control system.
Establishment of standards in terms of Establishment of standards in terms of
quality, quantity or time is necessary for effective quality, quantity or time is necessary for effective
control. Standards may be of physical nature control. Standards may be of physical nature
like units, men, hours, etc. or of monetary nature like units, men, hours, etc. or of monetary nature
such as sales, revenue, expenses, etc. which such as sales, revenue, expenses, etc. which
should be precise, acceptable and workable. should be precise, acceptable and workable.
They should be flexible also, if circumstances They should be flexible also, if circumstances
arises they are to be changed. arises they are to be changed.

10. (2) Appraising performance(2) Appraising performance
This step involves measuring This step involves measuring
actual performance of various individuals, actual performance of various individuals,
groups, or units and then comparing it with groups, or units and then comparing it with
the standards and investigate the causes the standards and investigate the causes
of any deviation from the standards. of any deviation from the standards.

11. (3) Taking corrective measures(3) Taking corrective measures
If there is any deviation from If there is any deviation from
the objectives of the enterprise, the objectives of the enterprise,
corrective actions are to be taken. If corrective actions are to be taken. If
the standards are found to be the standards are found to be
defective, modifications are to be defective, modifications are to be
made. made.

12. 6. Differential piece-rate system of wages6. Differential piece-rate system of wages
Financial incentives helps to ensure Financial incentives helps to ensure
efficiency and speed of work done by the efficiency and speed of work done by the
workers.workers.
A worker is to be rewarded depending A worker is to be rewarded depending
upon the efforts put by him for the betterment upon the efforts put by him for the betterment
of the enterprise. This will encourage each of the enterprise. This will encourage each
and every worker to be committed to the and every worker to be committed to the
company.company.

13. 7. 7. Functional Organisation
Planning and production Planning and production
activities are to be separated activities are to be separated
under different managers. under different managers.
Depending upon the functions Depending upon the functions
the organisational set up is to the organisational set up is to
divided. divided.

14. 8. 8. Mental Revolution
Scientific management aims at Scientific management aims at
revolutionising the minds of both the revolutionising the minds of both the
workers and the management in workers and the management in
such a way that the workers start such a way that the workers start
feeling that the enterprise is their feeling that the enterprise is their
own and they put their heart and own and they put their heart and
soul in the work assigned to them. soul in the work assigned to them.
Management and workers should Management and workers should
have mutual respect and work in co-have mutual respect and work in co-
operation.operation.

15. 9. 9. Cost Accounting Accounting
It is a direct offspring of scientific It is a direct offspring of scientific
management. Right from the first stage management. Right from the first stage
of production to the last stage, cost of production to the last stage, cost
accounting enables the management to accounting enables the management to
plan, organise and to direct the plan, organise and to direct the
production and marketing of the products production and marketing of the products
in a manner by which it helps in reducing in a manner by which it helps in reducing
the production and distribution cost and the production and distribution cost and
increasing the profit of the enterprise.increasing the profit of the enterprise.

16. Weakness of Weakness of Scientific Management Management
Scientific Management is confined to increasing Management is confined to increasing
the production and profit of the enterprise and the production and profit of the enterprise and
is devoid of human element, the health and is devoid of human element, the health and
welfare of the workers. welfare of the workers.
Sometimes it gives birth to the workers’ trade Sometimes it gives birth to the workers’ trade
union movements. union movements.

17. Role of ComputersRole of Computers
Database is created to be manipulated and Database is created to be manipulated and
presented as reports rather than asking data presented as reports rather than asking data
processing personnel to create new programs to processing personnel to create new programs to
manipulate specialised data. manipulate specialised data.
The decision maker can work with unprecedented The decision maker can work with unprecedented
speed and accuracy due to the introduction of speed and accuracy due to the introduction of
computers.computers.
Inflation creates complications in the financial Inflation creates complications in the financial
planning and which can be solved easily using planning and which can be solved easily using
computers. Tight control of financial aspects is computers. Tight control of financial aspects is
required to make the project viable and required to make the project viable and
profitable.profitable.

18. Project Management Project Management
ProgramsPrograms
Project management is the area Project management is the area
where the application of computer system where the application of computer system
is inevitable. is inevitable.
Sophisticated commercial Sophisticated commercial
programs are available like Harward Total programs are available like Harward Total
Project Manager, Prism, Instaplan, Project Manager, Prism, Instaplan,
Promis, Success planned, Primavera Promis, Success planned, Primavera
Project Planning, Microsoft Project, etc. Project Planning, Microsoft Project, etc.

19. MANAGEMENT OF A MANAGEMENT OF A

““CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCTION
PROJECT”PROJECT”
It aims at the completion of the project, It aims at the completion of the project,
with the optimum use of materials, man with the optimum use of materials, man
power, time, finance, etc. without power, time, finance, etc. without
compromising on the quality of work, with compromising on the quality of work, with
the proper co-operation and co-ordination the proper co-operation and co-ordination
among the different wings of the project.among the different wings of the project.

20. The various steps involved are:-The various steps involved are:-
1.1.Establishment of the objectives of the projectEstablishment of the objectives of the project
2.2.Administrative, financial and technical controlAdministrative, financial and technical control
3.3.Planning and designingPlanning and designing
4.4.Procurement of resourcesProcurement of resources
5.5.Recruitment and training of staff and labourRecruitment and training of staff and labour
6.6.Payment of wages and salariesPayment of wages and salaries
7.7.Welfare of the staff and labourWelfare of the staff and labour
8.8.Establishment of round the clock communicationEstablishment of round the clock communication

21. The different stages of a Construction ProjectThe different stages of a Construction Project
1.1.Conceptual or Initiation stageConceptual or Initiation stage
2.2.Study and Evaluation StageStudy and Evaluation Stage
3.3.Design, Drawing and Estimate preparationDesign, Drawing and Estimate preparation
4.4.Defining SpecificationsDefining Specifications
5.5.Contractor RealisationContractor Realisation
6.6.Procurement of materialsProcurement of materials
7.7.Construction stageConstruction stage
8.8.Utilisation and MaintenanceUtilisation and Maintenance

22. 1. Conceptual or Initiation stage1. Conceptual or Initiation stage
Due to the efforts of the individuals or Due to the efforts of the individuals or
groups or to satisfy the needs of the groups or to satisfy the needs of the
society, many construction projects take society, many construction projects take
shape. The ideas conceived by them are shape. The ideas conceived by them are
to be analysed by the Engineer and the to be analysed by the Engineer and the
most economical project having the best most economical project having the best
utility, depending upon the necessities is utility, depending upon the necessities is
to be taken up.to be taken up.

23. 2. Study and Evaluation Stage 2. Study and Evaluation Stage
The ideas put forward during the initiation The ideas put forward during the initiation
stage are analysed with respect to its stage are analysed with respect to its
feasibility, social utility and “COST and feasibility, social utility and “COST and
BENEFIT”. For this preliminary survey is BENEFIT”. For this preliminary survey is
done and rough estimate is prepared. done and rough estimate is prepared.
Once the project is accepted, an Once the project is accepted, an
administrative approval is accorded and administrative approval is accorded and
the budget provision is made.the budget provision is made.

24. 3. Preparation of Design, 3. Preparation of Design,
Drawings and Estimates Drawings and Estimates
This is the most important stage of construction. This is the most important stage of construction.
Detailed investigations and surveys are Detailed investigations and surveys are
conducted regarding the site and surrounding conducted regarding the site and surrounding
environment and the sources of materials, labour, environment and the sources of materials, labour,
infrastructural / communication facilities, power, infrastructural / communication facilities, power,
etc. Land acquisition and approval of the local etc. Land acquisition and approval of the local
authority are acquired. Design, Drawings and authority are acquired. Design, Drawings and
Estimates are prepared, the precision of which Estimates are prepared, the precision of which
affects the economy of the whole project.affects the economy of the whole project.

25. 4. Specifications 4. Specifications
Standard Specifications are to be Standard Specifications are to be
followed as far as possible. The followed as far as possible. The
Engineer should have practical Engineer should have practical
common sense also, locally available common sense also, locally available
materials and labour are to be made materials and labour are to be made
use of as far as possible.use of as far as possible.

26. 5. Contractor Realisation 5. Contractor Realisation
Generally large and medium projects are constructed by Generally large and medium projects are constructed by
awarding a contract at suitable terms and conditions. awarding a contract at suitable terms and conditions.
This stage involves preparations for calling tenders, their This stage involves preparations for calling tenders, their
evaluation and the final award of the work to a contractor, evaluation and the final award of the work to a contractor,
who has successfully executed similar works in the past.who has successfully executed similar works in the past.
Medium and small works are carried out departmentally by Medium and small works are carried out departmentally by
the department engineers. In this case also internal the department engineers. In this case also internal
orders are issued for authorised expenditure and orders are issued for authorised expenditure and
execution of the work. execution of the work.

27. When two or more persons have a When two or more persons have a
common intension communicated to each common intension communicated to each
other to create some obligation between other to create some obligation between
them, then it is an them, then it is an “Agreement”. “Agreement”.
An agreement endorsed by law is called aAn agreement endorsed by law is called a
“Contract”.“Contract”.

28. 6. Procurement of materials 6. Procurement of materials
The engineer should determine the The engineer should determine the
required type and quantity of materials required type and quantity of materials
and procure them before starting the and procure them before starting the
work or its regular supply be ensured work or its regular supply be ensured
without causing any wastage, storage without causing any wastage, storage
problems or obstructions to the workers problems or obstructions to the workers
at site.at site.

29. 7. Utilisation and Maintenance 7. Utilisation and Maintenance
After completion of the project the After completion of the project the
structure is handed over to the structure is handed over to the
promoter for its use and operation. Its promoter for its use and operation. Its
performance and the extend of performance and the extend of
maintenance or repair works needed as maintenance or repair works needed as
years pass by provides a valuable feed years pass by provides a valuable feed
back and helps in creating better ways back and helps in creating better ways
of construction and management of of construction and management of
similar projects in future.similar projects in future.

30. Preparatory Works of a Construction Preparatory Works of a Construction
ProjectProject
The requirements of the preparatory work The requirements of the preparatory work
can be assessed only after examining the can be assessed only after examining the
nature of the work, magnitude of the work, nature of the work, magnitude of the work,
execution period of the work, etc.execution period of the work, etc.
The works include:-The works include:-
1)1)Access to the work siteAccess to the work site
2)2)Acquisition of landAcquisition of land
3)3)Setting up of a construction campSetting up of a construction camp
4)4)A site service plantA site service plant
5)5)Provision of infrastructural facilitiesProvision of infrastructural facilities

31. (1)(1) Access to the work siteAccess to the work site
The most economical and practical mode of The most economical and practical mode of
transportation system, road/rail/waterway, to transportation system, road/rail/waterway, to
the work site is to be determined.the work site is to be determined.

Roads must be constructed before the starting Roads must be constructed before the starting
of the project, if necessary.of the project, if necessary.

32. (2) Acquisition of land(2) Acquisition of land
Land required for the site camp, service Land required for the site camp, service
plant, work site etc. are to acquired by the plant, work site etc. are to acquired by the
owner of the project before the owner of the project before the
commencement of the project.commencement of the project.

33. (3) Setting up of a construction camp(3) Setting up of a construction camp
The size and type of construction camp depends The size and type of construction camp depends
upon the type of work, magnitude of work, upon the type of work, magnitude of work,
duration of work and the fund available for the duration of work and the fund available for the
purpose. purpose.
Planning of a construction camp should depend Planning of a construction camp should depend
upon certain principles. upon certain principles.
They are:-They are:-
1.1.Store should be located near the accessStore should be located near the access
2.2.Temporary/permanent quarters for the workers Temporary/permanent quarters for the workers
are to be provided near to the work site.are to be provided near to the work site.
3.3.All basic needs are to be provided, health All basic needs are to be provided, health
clinic, primary school, recreation club, etc.clinic, primary school, recreation club, etc.

34. (4) A site service plant(4) A site service plant
The service plant requires a great deal of study, as the The service plant requires a great deal of study, as the
smooth flow of different activities depend on the smooth flow of different activities depend on the
design and functioning of the service camp.design and functioning of the service camp.
The general requirements include:-The general requirements include:-
1)1)Main office for the EngineersMain office for the Engineers
2)2)Time office for time keepers and pay roll clerksTime office for time keepers and pay roll clerks
3)3)First aid facilities in case of emergencyFirst aid facilities in case of emergency
4)4)Testing laboratories for the testing of the building materialsTesting laboratories for the testing of the building materials
5)5)Warehouses for storage of electrical equipment, tools, etc.Warehouses for storage of electrical equipment, tools, etc.
6)6)GaragesGarages
7)7)Various shops like carpenters’, electricians’, machine, etc.Various shops like carpenters’, electricians’, machine, etc.
8)8)Reinforcing steel yard- for placing and working with steelReinforcing steel yard- for placing and working with steel
9)9)Storage yard- open yard for sand, stone, bricks, pipes, timber Storage yard- open yard for sand, stone, bricks, pipes, timber
and enclosed yards for cement, lime, paints, etc.and enclosed yards for cement, lime, paints, etc.
10)10)Power plant- for generating electric powerPower plant- for generating electric power
11)11)Pump house- for fire fighting, water supplyPump house- for fire fighting, water supply
12)12)Weigh Bridge- for weighing materialsWeigh Bridge- for weighing materials
13)13)Check-post and security post.Check-post and security post.

35. (5) Provision of infrastructural facilities(5) Provision of infrastructural facilities
The necessary infrastructural facilities The necessary infrastructural facilities
are to be provided in the construction are to be provided in the construction
camp, site office, quarters, service camp, site office, quarters, service
plant, etc.plant, etc.

36. THE CONSTRUCTION THE CONSTRUCTION
TEAMTEAM
1.1.The OwnerThe Owner
2.2.The EngineerThe Engineer
3.3.The Contractor or the The Contractor or the
BuilderBuilder

37. The OwnerThe Owner

38. The EngineerThe Engineer

39. The ContractorThe Contractor