SEASONAL MIGRATION OF NOMADS AND ITS EFFECTS

SEASONAL MIGRATION OF NOMADS AND ITS EFFECTS

1. TITLE: SEASONAL MIGRATION OF NOMADS AND ITS EFFECTS ON THEIR CHILD EDUCATION& REMEDIAL MEASURES

2. INTRODUCTION:- Education plays an important role in empowering human beings economically and socially and assists the marginalized population from coming out of poverty. Education is a basic human right and an important factor in the development of children, communities and countries . Educational level among the Gujjars and Bakarwals is too low as compared to other inhabitants of UT of J&K. Gujjars and Bakkarwals are the two nomadic tribes which are found in all the regions of the Jammu and Kashmir. They keep moving all round the year with respect to availability of the postures for their livestock. Therefore, they have been confronting many socio- education problems related to education of their child .

3. ISSUESANDCHALLENGES BEFORE TRIBAL EDUCATION :- Some critical issues and problems in the field of tribal education are as follow : Migratory way of life Location of Tribal Population Economic Condition Inadequate infrastructure in seasonal centres

4. OBJECTIVES:- To identify the cause of migration of Nomads. To understand the difficulty of nomads in providing education to their children during seasonal migration. To find out the role being played by the Seasonal Centres in delivering the education to the children of Nomads during their migratory practices. To explore the remedial measures to make available the better education for tribes. To involve parents of the said pupils to have positive attitude by giving education a high priority. To minimize the ill effects of constant travelling of Nomads on the education of their children. To understand the difficulties faced by SEVs in providing Education to the Nomadic children.

5. METHODOLOGY:- Research Design : Descriptive and analytical methods were used. Sampling technique : Sample population included nomads of zones namely Arnas, Chinkah, Mahore and Chassana . Purposive sampling was used to select Dhokes . The respondents were selected randomly for gathering information. Qualitative method of data collection was used Sample Size : The sample of the study comprised of 54 seasonal educational volunteers, 106 students and 113 nomadic parents. Tools Used : Tools used was questionnaire devised by researcher included: 1 . Questionnaire used for students , teachers and parents 2 . Interview of parents

6. INTERPRETATION OF DATA :- The study of data revealed that 100% students were enrolled in a school. The study reported that majority of students 75% faced difficulties in continuing their studies during migration from one place to another . The study reported that 63% of students were not pressurized by their parents to attend the school whereas 37% were pressurized by their parents. The study concluded that 100% of students want to attend school regularly . The study reported factors such as lack of infrastructure, lack of internet facility and lack of teaching material etc. were factors that cause hinderance in their education.

7. The study further revealed that 100% students agreed that during seasonal migration there is lack of provision of continuing their study in online mode. The study concluded that teachers cooperate with students when they miss classes (88%) whereas it was disagreed by 12% students. The study revealed that 100% students know the importance of education and they want to study so that they can become Doctors, Engineers, etc. The study reported that only 23% of students have ever used electronic devices whereas 77% have not ever used electronic devices. Smartphone was mainly used as electronic device by students.

8.   TABLE 1 SHOWING RESPONSES OF STUDENTS S.No Questions YES NO Number Percentage Number Percentage 1 Whether you are enrolled in the school? 106 100% 0% 2 Is it difficult for you to continue your studies during migration from one place to another? 26 25% 80 75% 3 Whether your parents are literate or not? 68 64% 38 36% 4 Do your parents pressurize or force you to attend the school? 39 37% 67 63% 5 Do you want to attend the school regularly? 106 100% 0% 6 During seasonal migration whether you have provision to continue your studies in online mode? 0% 106 100% 7 Do your teachers cooperate with you whenever you miss the school? 93 88% 13 12% 9 Do you know the importance of education? 106 100% 0% 10 Have you ever use the electronic devices? 25 24% 81 76%

9. TABLE 2 SHOWING RESPONSES OF PARENTS S.No . Questions YES NO Number Percentage Number Percentage 1 Do you want your child to be educated? 113 100% 0% 2 Is there any provision of regular schooling for your child? 96 85% 17 15% 3 Do the studies of your remain effected during migration from one place to another? 60 53% 53 47% 4 Does your child easily adjust in the environment of new school during migration? 79 70% 34 30% 5 Do you think that these seasonal centres are sufficient enough to impart education to your wards? 105 93% 8 7% 6 Do you find any difficulty in providing education to your child? 73 65% 40 35% 7 Is there any provision of online classes for your child? 5 4% 108 96%

10. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS:- The migration of nomads had very negligible effects on the study of children. Further counselling can aware the parents about the Government initative and the importance of education. No doubt nomads want their children to be educated but they face hardships like poverty , lack of proper infrastructure, illiteracy of parents, bad weather conditions, approachability of schools and seasonal migration. The tribal and nomadic population use their children as labour to support their family’s daily affairs and to supplement family income. The main reason for hinderance in girl education is tradition of their early marriages. Educational backwardness among the nomands is one of the key factors for their poverty, ignorance and overall backwardness.Children of nomads are enrolled in school admission register but in a physical sense they are out of school for most of time.

11. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS :- The above findings revealed that nearly 50% of the parents interacted are illiterate. The study also concluded that they want their wards to be educated. Most of the parents were of the opinion that there should be provision of regular schooling for their child. The study revealed that migration hampers the studies up to some extent. The study concluded that most of the students easily adjust in the environment of new school during migration. It has been found that there is no provision of online classes for their child and they have to depend only on offline mode because of non-availability of smart phones, laptops, internet, etc. Suggestive measures of the parents to improve educational facilities of their ward are- provision of regular schools, facility of Mid-day meal, facility of libraries, provision of internet, etc.

12. RECOMMENDATIONS:- Though , it was a great initiative of Government to provide education to the Nomadic Children, when they are in migration with their parents. But the Seasonal Centres are not coping up with the expectation of the Government. The government needs to strengthen the infrastructure of these Seasonal Centres. Firstly, the tents must be replaced timely as most of the Seasonal Centres are compelled to take classes under the open sky. Also the books, notebooks and other stationery items etc. should be provided to these students well in time. The mid-day meal which is provided to all the government school was also not available to the children studying in Seasonal Centres. In order to upsurge the interest of the teachers engaged in these Seasonal Centres their present honorarium needs to be enhanced. So that, they can take the classes with motivation and dedication.

13. BIBLIOGRAPHY :- Ambasht , N.K. (1970). A critical study of Tribal education, S. Chand and Co. Delhi, India. Shakeel 2020 Sofi , U. J. (2013). Paradox of tribal development: A case of Gujars and Bakarwals of Jammu and Kashmir (India) J. Sociology & Social Work, 1 (1) : 1-8. Suri , Kavita : Impact of armed conflict on the seasonal migratory practices of Gujjar and Bakkarwal tribes in Jammu and Kashmir, IOSR Journal of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS), Volume 19, Issue 2, Ver. III (2014) Tufail , Mohd : Impact of the Unrest on the Livelihoods of the Gujjars and Bakarwals of Jammu and Kashmir, International Journal of Social Science Tomorrow Volume 1, No. 4. (2017

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