Sec 2 Unit 7 types of agriculture

Sec 2 Geography Unit 7 Agriculture

1. Unit 7: Agricultural types Chong Boon Secondary School Humanities Department Geography Unit Sec 2 Geography COPY

2. By the end of this topic you will be able to : Identify and explain the inputs, processes and outputs of the 4 key agricultural types Shifting Cultivation Wet Rice Cultivation Plantation Agriculture High Tech farming Objectives COPY

3. Also known as “Slash and Burn Farming” Used by traditional tribes Small plots of land used Subsistence agriculture Shifting Cultivation (Key Characteristics) COPY

4. Tribe Elder selects plot of land Slash and burn applied to wild vegetation Small area cleared (only areas used are cleared) Simple tools used in seeding (dibble stick) Cultivation carried out on cleared areas Minimal weeding done on crops After repeated harvests (when fertility is reduced), the land is abandoned (fallow period) New plot selected and process is repeated. Shifting cultivation process COPY

5. Amazon Basin (South America) Indonesia (South East Asia) Congo Basin (Africa) Where can we find Shifting Cultivation COPY

6. Kalimantan Indonesia Key crops cultivated include Rice, root crops, vegetables, banana, maize, pumpkin, etc. Soil able to sustain for 3-4 years Fallow period usually up to 10 years before plot is reused again. The Kantu tribe in Indonesia COPY

7. Complete the exercise provided. You may use your notes to help you. You have a total of 15 minutes! Good luck! Let’s take a look at the exercises

8. Wet Rice Cultivation

9. Tropical regions (monsoon lands) South Asia, South-East Asia and South China Growing of padi (Wet Rice) Requirement for flooding for cultivation Highly intensive cultivation Wet Rice Cultivation COPY

10. Flat land Large amount of sunlight Heavy rainfall during growing season Fertile alluvial soil Key Physical inputs COPY

11. Draught animals for ploughing Fertilizers Natural Fertilizers (Animal W aste) Chemical Fertilizers (Nitrates) Irrigation Lack of rainwater during growing Relief modification Absence of flat land Key Human inputs COPY

12. Ploughing, planting in nursery and fertilising Transplanting to fields Irrigation (maintain flooding) Breaking bunds and allow for ripening Harvesting Threshing and Winnowing Wet Rice Cultivation Process COPY

13. Terracing method used Lack of natural flat lands Modification of hills into terraces Mud walls (bunds) are built at edge of steps to retain water (flooding) When crops are mature, bunds are broken and rice will ripen Harvesting done by hand. Wet Rice Cultivation Thailand COPY

14. Terracing method COPY

15. Complete the exercise provided. You may use your notes to help you. You have a total of 15 minutes! Good luck! Let’s take a look at the exercises

16. Plantation Agriculture

17. Dominant in countries with High temperature, humidity and heavy rainfall Former colonies Malaysia, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Brazil and Colombia Typical cash crops Rubber, cacao, oil palm, coconut, pineapple, tea, sugar cane. Plantation Agriculture COPY

18. Climatic conditions High humidity High temperature High rainfall Large arable land area Physical Inputs COPY

19. Cheap labour Management team High Capital Modern machinery Processing facilities Fertilisers and Pesticides Transport infrastructure Research and Development facility Human Inputs COPY

20. Cultivation and processing of the crops Processes COPY

21. Semi-processed / Processed products. Profit ($) Outputs COPY

22. World’s top producer of Palm Oil Started cultivation in 1917 Small private estates and Large MNC (Multi-national Corporation) estates E.g. Sime Darby Oil Palm Plantation COPY

23. Pre-nursery stage Good seeds soaked in water and germinated for 80 days between 39 °C to 40°C. Transplanted to nursery for one year Second transplanting into fields at start of rainy season Cover crops grown in between oil palm trees Provide shelter from heavy rains Extra income for farmers Chemical fertilisers added. Harvesting starts after 3 years and fruits are sent for processing. Cultivation Process

24. Harvested fruits are loaded onto containers and sent for processing within 24 hours Fruits are sterilised by steam Fruits are stripped and mesocarp is separated from the kernel Mesocarp is cooked further and pressed to extract oil that is sent to a refinery Kernel also pressed and high quality kernel oil is extracted. Processing Stage

25. Read Pg 56 of your Textbook!

26. As a filler ingredient Ice Cream, Soap, Plastics, Biscuits, Chocolates, Sweets As a consumable oil Cooking oil (Palm Oil & Palm Kernel Oil) Products from Palm Oil COPY

27. 10 Seconds !

28. Advent of green revolution Green Revolution – the use of technology to increase crop yield Helps maximise profits and minimise costs High Tech Farming COPY

29. Agro-Chemicals Irrigation Farm Machinery Computerised Control High Yield Variety (HYV) Seeds Tools of High-tech farming COPY

30. Chemicals added for nutrients (nitrates) Chemicals added as pesticides Kills pests (locusts, grasshoppers) Chemicals added as herbicides Kills weeds Agro-Chemicals COPY

31. Provision of water supply during dry season. No limitation of 1 growing season per year. Double / multiple harvests in a year Double cropping Multiple cropping Re-cropping arid areas Irrigation COPY

32. Raise the efficiency of farming processes Increase production and replace human labour. Harvesting crops Milking cows Refrigerated trucks Help keep perishables fresh from farm to market/factory Farm Machinery COPY

33. Use of computers to calculate nutrition needs Increases the efficiency and quality of produce Computerised Control COPY

34. Genetic engineering selects best characteristics of the crop More produce per plant More resistant to disease and hazards Super rice (Wind and Drought resistant rice) HYV (High Yield Variety) Seeds COPY

35. Little land used in Singapore for farming. Land scarcity – high demand for urban land . Presence of agro-tech parks in Singapore Help in food stability Aquaculture Egg farms Non-food farms Ornamental fish Orchid farms High-Tech Farming in Singapore COPY

36. Food and non-food products High investment in machines Use of highly specialised workforce Engaged in Research and Development (R&D) Characteristics of High Tech Farming in Singapore COPY

37. Physical inputs Sunshine / shade Land Human inputs Capital Seedlings Nutrient solution Chemical fertilisers Specialised equipment and labour R&D IPO of a high-tech farm COPY

38. Germination in dark room Transplanting to growing troughs Adding nutrient solutions / spraying nutrients on roots Monitoring plant growth with computers Manual harvesting Packaging and refrigerated transport Processes COPY

39. Local leafy vegetables Caixin , KangKong Temperate and subtropical vegetables Butterhead lettuce, HongKong kai lan Dwarf cabbage Outputs COPY

40. Let’s look at the exercise Complete the exercise in 20 minutes Exercise