Secondary Eucation Commission (1952 53)

Secondary Education Commission (1952-53)/ Mudaliar commission, An important question for the students of B.Ed. First Year (Paper-2,Contemporary India and Education)

1. Secondary education commission (1952-53) Mrs. Garima Bhati Assistant Professor Institute of Teacher’s Education Source: google

2. introduction The Govt. of India setup the secondary education commission by Resolution dated 23 rd September 1952, under the chairmanship of Dr. A. Lakshmanswami Mudaliar, the vice chancellor of Madras University. Therefore, this commission is also known as Mudaliar Commission. The commission submitted its report on 29 th August, 1953 consisted 240 pages including 15 headings.

3. Objectives of the Commission To enquire into and report on the present position of secondary Education in India in all its aspects. To suggest measurers for its re-organization and improvement with special reference to: - The aims, organization and content of secondary education . - Its relationship to primary, basic and higher education - The inter-relation of secondary schools of different types. - To study the other related problems so that a sound and reasonable uniform system of secondary education suited to our needs and resources may be provided throughout the whole country.

4. Recommendations by Secondary Education Commission (Mudaliar), 1952 During British period the main focus of Secondary education was on English language to fit Indians to college only and almost unfit for everything else. In the report of Secondary Education Commission (1952-53) some recommendations were given to improve the quality of education. The report presented the defects in present education system as well as the suggestions for a better education system in India.

5. 1. Defects in existing education system: Curriculum is not according to the present needs and interests of the students. Teaching methods are traditional and inappropriate. Curriculum is narrow and one sided and fails to train the whole personality of the student. Defective and stressful Examination system. Only bookish knowledge is given, no practical knowledge is being served. No mutual relationship between teacher and the student. Inappropriate books make the education pointless. Improper Teacher and student Ration, Big size of the Class.

6. 2. Aims of Secondary Education: (A) Development of Democratic Citizenship: For a successful democracy it is necessary that every citizen should have democratic outlook and they should be trained for the citizenship which involves much intellectual social and moral qualities. To develop these qualities education must aim at the development of the following qualities: -Clear Thinking : For democratic citizenship the citizen has to develop a scientific attitude of mind to think objectively and should not think confusedly. -Clearance in speech and Writing: Clarity of thought should be accompanied by clearness in speech and in writing. Education should develop intellectual awakening and free thinking in children.

7. -Training in art of living: Individuals has to be trained in the art of living efficiently in the community which can not be learnt without suitable education and experience. Education should develop the virtues like discipline, cooperation, social sensitiveness and tolerance. Progress of the society is possible only with the help of these virtues. -Sense of true patriotism: Education should enable the individuals to appreciate the social and culture achievement of their country. The education has to foster the sense of true patriotism in the citizens of the country.

8. -Sense of world citizenship: With the help of education, the students ought to be taught that they are not only the citizens of their country but also of one world. Development of one’s country cannot take place without the help of others, The students should be prefaced to discharged their responsibilities to the world also. (B) Development of Vocational Efficiency: Education should aims at providing vocational training to every citizen of the country. Each subject should be given proper place in the curriculum so tat each child may be able to choose the vocation of his interest and ability.

9. (C) Development of Personality: Education should aim at not only the development of one factor of personality but that of the whole personality. For this education should provide such type of environment in which the child will be able to do creative and constructive activities so that he is able to develop his literary, artistic and cultural interests. The development of these interest will enrich the life of the children. (D) Education for leadership: Success of democracy depends upon able leaders who must possess virtues like tolerance, wisdom, understanding, discipline and justice. Education should inculcate these values among the citizens of t he society.

10. 3. Reorganization of Secondary Education: The stage of Secondary education is most important for the students in their preparation for life. For the development of the standards of secondary school education the commission proposed the following organizational pattern: Duration: The duration should include middle, junior, Secondary or senior Basic education of 3 years and 4 years' education at senior secondary level. And the child should be of 11-17 years of age. 3- year Degree Course: The commission abolished the intermediate level education and instead suggested 11 years of Higher Secondary and 3 years of Degree course.

11. Different Curriculum: The commission suggested a number of courses so that the students can choose subjects according to their interests, These courses would begin from the very first year of secondary education. Internal Evaluation: The commission gave an important place to the school records in the process of evaluation. Technical Education: The commission suggested the establishment of multipurpose schools but these schools could not fulfill the needs of the country.

12. 4. OTHER KINDS OF SCHOOLS: The commissioned recommended to increase the number of schools, to open residential schools, to provide financial assistance to bright students by the centre or the states and special schools should be opened. 5. CO-EDUCATION: Regarding co-education the commission recommended that no distinction should be there between boys and girls. Proper conditions should be created in mixed or co-educational schools. Wherever needed and possible, there should be separate schools for girls.

13. 6. Study of Languages: According to the commission the following languages were suggested : Study of Mother Tongue. Study of Regional Language, If it is not mother- tongue. Study of Official Language. Study of one oriental Language. Study of English Language. At the Primary stage, Mother tongue or the regional language should be the medium of instruction. At the middle stage, the students must learn two languages. Both Hindi and English should be taught from junior basic level. At the High School stage or the Higher Secondary stage, students should study two languages, out of which one should be mother tongue or regional language.

14. 7.Curriculum: At middle stage, there should be language, general science, mathematics, Social Studies, Art or music, Industrial Craft and health education. At high school or higher secondary level there should be the following languages with mother tongue and regional language or oriental language: -Hindi(For non-Hindi students)/Primary English( who did not study English at middle stage)/Higher English (who have already studies English)/Modern Indian language(in addition to Hindi)/ Modern Foreign Language(In addition to English)/Oriental Language. -Other Subjects: (i) Social Sciences for fist two years,(ii) Any one of the art & craft like Spinning and weaving, Wood work, Metal Work, Gardening,Tailoring,Typing,Workshop Work, Embroidery, Modeling.

15. 7.Textbooks: The commission recommended that there should be high power committee to select the books on the basis of the quality and utility. There should not only one book in a particular subject and should not be changed too often. The standard and definite text books should be there for the study of language. No such book should hurt the social and religious feelings of the community. The High Power Committee should include: A High Court Judge Member of Public service Commission Chancellor Headmaster Two educationists Education Director

16. 8.Flexible Methods of Teaching Modern teaching methods like Experimental method, Demonstration method, activity or project based method. The method of teaching should provide enough opportunities to the students to develop their thinking, reasoning and expression abilities and develop values, attitudes, group responsibilities and leadership qualities.

17. 9.Discipline: Character development should be an aim of all school activities. Such laws or rules should be framed which prohibit student participation during election. Group activities and games should be encouraged. 10.RELIGIOUS AND MORAL EDUCATION: According to the commission,” There should be no formal Moral and religious education in classrooms but it should develop and emerge out of school environment and teachers’ behavior.

18. 11.Co-Curricular activities: Co-Curricular activities should me an integral part of school curriculum. Govt. should provide aid for students activities. N.C.C. ,Red cross activities, Primary medical and Health Services, scouts and guides training should be included in school programe.

19. 12. Guidance and Counseling: In secondary schools , Special attention must be given towards educational guidance in secondary schools. Trained counselors and career masters should be appointed in increased numbers.

20. 13.Physical Welfare of the students: Nutritious and healthy food should be served in residential schools and hostels. School environment should be neat and clean Schools should develop a sense of social service and dignity of labour. Record of every student should be kept. School medical services should be introduced in al states All the students should be medically checked up once a Year.

21. 14. Evaluation: In place of numerical marks, grades should be awarded. Only one public examination should be there at the end of secondary stage. Externals Examinations should be reduced. Subjects with marks should be shown in the certificates Supplementary examinations should also be held.

22. 15. Development of Training Skills among Teachers: There should be uniformity in the selection of teachers. The probation period should be of one year. A proper selection committee should be also there for the appointment of private school Head master and teachers. Posts of teachers should be made more attractive. Triple benefit schemes should be introduced.

23. 16. Problem of Administration: There should be a Board of 25 members chaired by the Director of Education. Director of Education would be responsible for advising and guiding the Education Minister. Inspecting officers should be highly qualified. New schools should be given recognition only when they fulfill all the conditions. Schools should be opened in villages. The schools should function in such a way that they do no create problems for the community.

24. 17. Provision of Finance Industrial Education cess should be imposed. There should be no property Tax on education institutions, Their property and playgrounds. States should provide land for the construction of school buildings. The central government should take responsibility as regards secondary education.

25. 18. Session and Leaves The session should be of 200 working days, with 2 months’ summer vacation. There should be 15 day vacation, twice a year.

26. Critical analysis of secondary Education Commission: Mudaliar /Secondary Education Commission 1952-53 has special importance in the history of Indian Education. Like any othe r commission, this commission also has its own merits as well as demerits. This commission provides valuable suggestions for the reorganization of Indian education system.

27. Characteristics or merits of the Commission: Appropriate aims of Secondary Education Practicable plan of establishing multipurpose Schools. Agricultural Education in rural schools Technical education according to industrial demand Importance to mother tongue and regional languages Improvement in Teaching methods Examination and Evaluation Importance of co-curricular activities. Proper place to teacher and benefit schemes

28. Demerits of the commission: Incomplete Recommendations Neglect Women Education Overburdened Curriculum No difference in education for boys and girls. Nothing New.

29. Conclusion At the end it can be concluded that most of the recommendations are helpful, but the government did not apply them in reality. The Education system may be improved, if the recommendations were implemented properly . Thank You