Seed technology concept, Seed formation, Structure, types of seed germination, role, goals and classes of seeds”.pptx

Seed technology concept, Seed formation, Structure, types of seed germination, role, goals and classes of seeds”.

1. Topic on “Seed technology concept, Seed formation, Structure, types of seed germination, role, goals and classes of seeds ” Department of Agriculture Botany

2. What is Seed ? An embryonic plant enclosed in a protective outer covering.  A fertilized mature ovule consisting of the embryo, stored material, and protective coats. The basic unit of Agriculture . Seed Technology “ Seed technology is the science dealing with the methods of improving physical and genetical characteristics of seed. It involves such activities as variety development, evolution and release of varieties, seed production, seed processing, seed certification and storage.

3. S.N.   Seed Grain 1 Used to Growing plant Consumption 2 Necessary Genetic Purity and Seed viability Not Necessary 3 Important Embryo Endosperm 4 Compulsory Certified Not compulsion 5 Treated with Fungicide and pesticides Not treated with What is the difference between Seed and grain ? Seed viability- Ability of embryo to germinate, and is affected by a number of different conditions (flooding, heat, pathogen, etc.) Concept of seed technology

4. Pollination Fertilization Double fertilization   - when both male and female gametophytes are fully mature. This usually occurs in a dual fusion process . A seed is formed when fertilized ovule divides by mitosis. S.N. Pollination Fertilization 1 Transfer of pollen grains from the male anther of a flower to the female stigma.   Fusion of male and female gamete. 2 Physical process Cellular, genetic, and biochemical process. 3 Occurs- early stage of sexual reproduction After pollination. What is Seed Development? The process by which seeds are formed from the end of fertilization to the  production  of a mature seed body . How to Seed Form ation?

5. Seeds of different plants may vary in many ways, but the basic anatomy remains the same. A typical seed consists of the following parts: Testa:  It is the outer coat of the seed that protects the embryonic plant. Micropyle   /(tiny pore): Small opening of present in seeds through which water enters them. Present- ovule of seed. Radicle: It is an embryonic root that will develop into the primary  root  of the plant.  It is 1 st part of the embryo to push its way out of the seed during germination. Cotyledon:    In some plants, this contains high quantities of starch and will provide a  source of food   for the developing embryo to germination . In other plants this role is performed by an  endosperm . Structure of Seed

6. In  monocotyledons , there is just one cotyledon whereas in   dicotyledons  there are two . Monocotyledons - (Non-legume/cereals ) Contain only one embryonic leaf. e.g . Wheat, Bajra, Okra, Maize etc . Dicotyledons - (Legume/cereals ) C ontain two embryonic leaf. e.g . Pea, Tur, groundnut, green gram etc . Polycotyledon - C ontain more than two embryonic leaf. e.g Pine.

7. Depending on the type of germination (epigeous or hypogeous) the cotyledons may remain below ground or be pulled above ground. Seed germination required optimum 25-30 C temperature. There are 3 types of seed germination. Epigeal (Epi- Above/ out of soil ) e.g Bean, cotton, Onion etc. (Mostly – dicot seeds ). 2. Hypogeal (Below) e.g Wheat, Rice, Maize, etc. ( mostly- monocot seeds but, In dicot- gram, groundnut, Mango). 3. Viviparous (inside fruit)- S eed that develops into a seedling before it separates from the parent plant . e .g Coconut, Date palm, Tomato. Type of Seed germination

8. Epigeal Hypogeal Viviparous

9. External Factors Water Air Temperature Light - a) Light Intensity. b) Light Quantity. 2. Internal Factors Food Auxin Seed Viability/ Vigor /Quality Genetic Seed complete its resting period

10. Role of seed technology Improved seed – a carrier of new technologies- Introduction of quality seeds of new varieties significantly increase yield levels. In India, the cultivation of high yielding varieties have helped to increase food production from 52 million tonnes to nearly 180 million tonnes over a period of 40 years . 2. Improved seed – a basic tool for secured food supply. (Bez. rapid increase in population ) 3. Improved seed – the principal means to secure crop yields in less favourable areas of production. The supply of god quality seeds of improved varieties suitable to these areas is one of the important contribution to secure higher crop yields . 4. Improved seed – a medium for rapid rehabilation of agriculture in cases of natural disaster. In case of floods and drought affected areas the Govt. will provide the improved seeds from national seed stocks to rehabilate the agricultural production of foods grains in the country.

11. Goals of Seed Technology Developed by the Plant B reeders Planting schedule of farmer is not disturbed C ost of high quality seed should be with in reach of the average farmer.

12. Classes of seeds

13.   Seed Class Progeny of Tag Colour Tag Size (cm) Genetic Purity Quality check by Use for Seed Prod n of 1 Nucleus Breeder Originated - - 100 % Breeder only Breeder 2 Breeder Nucleus seed Golden Yellow 12 x 6 100 %  Plant breeder  Foundation 3 Foundation/ Mother Breeder seed White 15 x 7.5 99.5 % SCA, NSC, SSCA. Certified / Registered 4 Registered Foundation seed  Purple 15 x 7.5 - SSCA - 5 Certified Foundation seed  Blue 15 x 7.5 99.0 % SSCA, Pvt. Sector Source for farmer commercial crop Prod n 6 Truthful Foundation seed  Green 15 x 10 99.0 % Any Agency/ Farmer Used in  private seed company Seed certification agency (SCA) National Seed Corporation  (NSC) State Seed Certification Agency  (SSCA ) In India registered seed is not practiced  and certified seed is produced from foundation seed.

14. Seed lot certification colour – Green/ Orange. Seed sample certification colour – Blue . Farmer grown which type of seed and its Tag colour ?

15. T he production of a particular class of seed from specific class of seed up to certified seed stage. This basically depends upon The rate of genetic deterioration, Seed multiplication ratio and Total seed demand. Based on these factors different seed multiplication models may be derived for each crop. Seed multiplication agency should decide how quickly the farmers can be supplied with the seed of newly released varieties after the nucleus seed stock has been handed over to the concerned agency, so that it may replace the old varieties. Given the basic factors, the chain of seed multiplication models could be . In India 3 rd generation seed production . Three - Generation model Breeder seed - Foundation seed - Certified seed 2. Four - Generation model Breeder seed - Foundation seed (I) Foundation seed (II) - Certified seed 3. Five   - Generation model Breeder seed - Foundation seed (I)- Foundation seed (II) -Certified seed (I) - Certified seed (II) Generation system of S eed multiplication

16. Q.1. Define Seed and Seed Technology ? Give its scope and importance ? Q.2. Define seed germination? Enlist its types and explain it with example and Factors affecting seed germination ? Q.3. Describe the stages of seed multiplication for seed production of varieties. Or Describe the Classes of seeds.

17. . Related Articles: Howard C . Potts (1971 ) SEEDS - DEVELOPMENT , STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION. Page.no. 37-51 . The Parts of a Seed and Their Functions in Seed and Plant Development –  Cropsreview.com . Agarwal , P.K. 1994. Principles of Seed Technology. ICAR, New Delhi. Agarwal , P.K. and Dadlani , M. 1986. Techniques in Seed Science and Technology. South Asian Publishers, New Delhi. Agarwal , R.L. 1996. Seed Technology. Oxford and IBH Publication Co., New Delhi. Thomson , J.R. 1979. An Introduction to Seed Technology. Leonard Hill, London.