Seminar 5-6.classification of vocabulary

Barbarisms, vulgarisms, nonce words

1. Stylistic classification of the English vocabulary. General Considerations. Literary and Colloquial Strata of Words

2. King Solomon's Verse What is man, that Thou are mindful of him? And the son of man, that Thou visitest him? Thou madest him lower than the angels; To crown him with glory and worship. Thou makest him to have dominion of Thy hands; Thou hast put all things in subjection under his feet; All sheep and oxen; yea, and the beasts of the field; The fowls of the air, and the fishes of the sea; And whatsoever walketh through the paths of the seas.

3. William Shakespeare, HAMLET, 1601 What piece of work is a man! How noble in reason! How infinite in faculty! In form and moving how express and admirable! In action how like an angel! In apprehension how like a god! The beauty of the world! The paragon of animals!

4. Archaic / Poetic Word Modern Equivalent / Meaning Thou You art are Thy Your visitest care for / look after madest made lower than the angels slightly below the angels (in rank or power) to crown him with glory and worship to give him honor and greatness makest make dominion power or control

5. it poss i b l e classify th e vocabulary? Differences of opinion

6. Three layers of English vocabulary Neutral layer Literary layer (Super- neutral words) Colloquial layer (Sub- neutral words)

7. Study the following examples: Colloquial kid comfy Neutral child comfortable Literary infant commodious get out go away retire fiapper young girl maiden daddy father parent

8. LITERARY STRATUM OF WORDS Archaisms Alienisms and foreign words Terms and learned words Poetic words Literary coinages (including nonce - words)

9. ARCHAISMS obsolete words: methinks (it seems to me), nny (no); n palfre y (a small horse), aforesaid, hereinafternamed, archaisms proper ‹Fr.): troth (faith); historical words: knight, spear•, worrier•, poetic words: woe (sorrow), hn¡i/y (perhaps); morphological forms: singest, brethren, thou, thou makest.

10. Alienisms and Foreign Words Alien words - borrowings that have English equivalents: chic (stylish), ad infinitum (to infinity), babushka (kerchief tied under the chin). Foreign words - do not belong to the English vocabulary: udarnik, a propos, perestroika, Deutsche Soldaten. Ex.: 1) «She had said ‘Au revoir!’ Not good-bye!» (J.Galsworthy) 2) «We have time, Herr Zippmann, to try your schnapps.” (Heim)

11. Alien or foreign? Ivan Ilyich was le phenix de la famille, as they used to say (L.Tolstoy). Canada has a per capita income of about $17,000. «I'll go upstairs to get shmotki», I said (A.Burgess. A Clockwork Orange). «Avanti, my dear and welcome. Get her a glass, Oliver» (B.Trapido. Brother of the more famous Jack).

12. TERM S Terms - words denoting objects, processes, phenomena of science, humanities, technique. Single terms: psychology, equity, function. Terms consisting of several words: subject- matter, computer- aided system, belles- lettres style. Within a literary work terms may acquire a satirical effect.

13. T erms in a satirical func tio n «What a fool Rawdon Crawley has been», Clump replied, «to go and marry a governess! There was something about the girl too.» «Green eyes, fair skin, pretty figure, famous frontal development», Squills remarked (W.M.Thackeray, Vanity Fair).

14. Literary coinages (including nonce- words) Two types of literary neologisms: Designate new-born concepts, terminological coinages: inrertextuality, npoQeccuozpazlvia, immtinodefic ienc'y, £J ’ J†tq Create expressiveness of the utterance (nonce- words): uari-globalist, ixusicdom, bananarama, LASER (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation).

15. NONCE WORDS Nonce-words are chance words, occasional words, words created for the given occasion with the existing words by means of affixation, composition, conversion, etc. Ex.: There was a balconyful of gentlemen... The word balconyful was coined by analogy with the words “mouthful”, “spoonful”, “handful”. Nonce- words produce a humorous effect. Being used just once, they disappear completely.

16. Colloquial Stratum of Words Sub- neutral Words Slang Vulgarisms Jargonisms Dialectal words

17. S LANG S lang is a non- standard colloquial layer, outside the literary language but forcing its way into it. Function - to characterize the personage, to create a certain atmosphere (that of scandal, violence or intolerance or humor) in the literary text.

18. WHY SLANG? Striving for novelty of expression: intentional substitutes of neutral and elevated words and expressions: cripes instead of Christ. Disguising from outsiders the meaning of what was said: Look at that chick! She's really on fire. IIocMOTpx Ha ozy 6a6y. Kneaax, He npaBp:i nx?

19. Stylistic Sources of Slang 1/ Metaphor: He snaked out of here without his overcoat. OH BhICxonasHyn oTGiopa, OcTaBHB cBoe nanbTO. 2/ Metonymy: skirt (girl) 3/ Hyperbole: killing (astonishing) 4/ Understatement: whistle (flute) 5/ Clear as mud (irony).

20. VULGARISMS (SWEAR WORDS) Vulgarisms: stylistically lowest group of words which are considered offensive for polite usage. abusive words, e.g. son of a bitch; hackneyed vulgar words: devil, bloody. Function: to express strong emotions, mainly annoyance, anger, vexation and the like. Found in direct speech.

21. ANSWER THE QUESTION How are vulgarims euphemistically called? (A euphemism — is a word or phrase used to replace an unpleasant word or expression by a conventionally more acceptable one: to die --- > to pass away, to be no more, etc. Answer: sdrow rettel- ruof (mirror- reading)

22. JARGONISMS Jargonisms: words functioning in limited spheres of society: professional jargonisms; social jargonisms. Function: to replace those words which already exist in the language in order to make their speech incoherent to outsiders.

23. Professional Jargonisms Professional jargonisms are denominations of things, phenomena and process characteristic of given profession opposed to the official terms of this professional sphere. Function: They are used by representatives of the profession to facilitate the communication.

24. Social Jargonisms Social jargonisms are made of words used to denote non-professional thing relevant for representatives of the given social group with common interests (e.g., music fans, drug addicts and the like). Function: they are used by representatives of the given group to show that the speaker also belongs to it and sometimes for the purpose of making speech incoherent to outsiders.

25. DIALECTAL WORDS Dialectal words are words and phrases characteristic of a certain locality.They reflect peculiarities of provincialism in phonetics and vocabulary. Of special significance for English literature is Cockney - the dialect of the uneducated people in London.

26. COCKNEY The diphthong [ei] is replaced by [ai]: to .‹3', to py instead of to say, to pay; the diphthong [au] is replaced by monophthong [a:]: no/+ r/ten instead of «now then»; words like «mnnners», «thnnk you» are pronounced as menners, thenk you. the suffix ”- ing” is pronounced as [n]: sittin’, standin’.

27. HOME ASSIGNMENT A Manual of English Stylistics. - Pp.22- 28. Galperin I.R. STYLISTICS. - Pp. 62- 95; 103- 117. Copy the drawing on p.63. FnasyHoB C.A. HOBfiIfi Harno- pyccxHñ cJIOBaj;s cOB CMCHHOii j;a3rOBO{3HOII nexcxxx. - M.: Pyc. ss., 1998. - 776 c. Make a copy of Test No 2: Stylistic Lexicology and answer all the points. From № 1 of this list of literature. Pp.36- 37.