Seminar on health problem

Health problem in India

1. SEMINAR
ON
HEALTH PROBLEMS IN INDIA
PRESENTER:
MR.TUSHAR KEDAR

2. HEALTH STATUS AND HEALTH PROBLEMS
every country has its own health problem
depending upon the standards of living of its
people, size of people geographical location
of country.

3. communicable disease
problems
Communicable diseases continue to be one of
our major health problems.
This is primarily due to our poor socio-
economic status in life. Poverty, illiteracy and
ignorance causes heavy toll on our morbidity
and mortality pattern of our life.

4. communicable disease problems
 Communicable diseases continue to be one
of our major health problems.
This is primarily due to our poor socio-
economic status in life. Poverty, illiteracy and
ignorance causes heavy toll on our morbidity
and mortality pattern of our life. The factors
which influence health lie both within the
individual and the society in which he lives.
This means the individual’s genetic factors
and the environmental factors to which he is
exposed. These factors interact and the
result may be good health or poor health to
the individuals.

5. Cont…
If you consider the individual, the family and
community as a whole there are a lot of
interactions. The health of individuals and
whole communities may be considered to be
the result of many interactions. The
determinants of these interactions could be
heredity, environment, life style, socio-
economic conditions, health and family
welfare services, education, food, and
agriculture, industrial and rural development
etc.

6. Malaria
 malaria continues to be a major health problem
in India.
With the implementation of modified plan of
operation in 1977, the upsurge of malaria cases
dropped down from 6.75 million cases in 1976 to
2.1 million cases in 1984.
Since then, the epidemiological situation has not
shown any improvement.
Malaria cases have increased in Goa, Madhya
Pradesh and orissa.
 During 1998 there were an estimated 20,000
malaria deaths in the country.

7. Prevention and Control of Malaria
•Protection against mosquito bite:-
Prevention of man/vector contact—using
repellants protective clothing, bed nets, screening
of houses and site selection for houses.
•Anti-adult mosquito measures: - Destruction of
adult mosquitoes by use of domestic space
sprays, residual spraying or space spraying of
insecticides.
•Source reduction of mosquitoes: filling small
scale drainage environmental sanitation, water
management and drainage schemes.

8. Cont…
•Anti-larval measures:- destruction of
mosquito larvae-by peridomestic sanitation,
intermittent drying of water containers,
using larvicide's both chemical and
biological in stagnant waters.

9. Tuberculosis:
 tuberculosis is another leading public
health problem in India.
About 36.5% of the total populations are
infected (tuberculin positive).
1.5% has radio logically active disease of
the lungs of which 0.4% are sputum positive
cases.
According to official estimates, India has
nearly 12.7 million cases of pulmonary
tuberculosis of which about 3.4 million are
sputum every year.

10. Epidemiology
• Agent is Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

11. Mode of Transmission
• is mainly by droplet infection from sputum
positive cases especially while coughing.
•It is not transmitted through dishes, clothing.

12. Prevention and Control Measures
The control measures consist of a Curative
component; namely case finding and
treatment;
Preventive component; namely BCG
vaccination.
These are the two fundamental components in
our national tuberculosis programme.

13. Diarrhoeal diseases
• Diarrhoeal diseases constitute one of the
major causes of morbidity and mortality, 7.1
lakh deaths each year.
•Outbreaks of diarrhoeal diseases (including
cholera) continue to occur in India due to
poor environmental conditions, as for
example, the 1988 epidemic of cholera in
Delhi.

14. Cholera
• It is an acute diarrhoeal disease caused by V.
cholerae (classical or El Tor).
•Cholera is characterized sudden onset of profuse,
effort ness, watery motions followed by vomiting,
rapid dehydration, muscular, cramps and
suppression of urine.

15. Nature of Disease
• Cholera affects all ages and both sexes.
•In endemic areas attack rate in higher in children.
•Contaminated water, food and flies carry V. cholera.
Eighty per cent of the reported cases are now found
in Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh,
Assam and Andhra Pradesh:
•The contributory factors for diarrhoea and cholera
are unsafe water, supply, and low level of sanitation,
lack of personal hygiene, human settlement in
slums, poverty, and illiteracy of mothers, use of
unhygienic feeding bottle, superstitions and
believes.

16. ARI
• Acute respiratory diseases are one of the
major causes of mortality and morbidity in
children below 5 years of age.
• It is estimated that about 13.6% hospital
admissions and 13% in patient deaths in
pediatric wards are due to ARI.
•During 1998 there were 0.98 million deaths
due to ARI.

17. Leprosy:
• Leprosy is another major public health problem
in India.
•There are about 0.503 million cases of leprosy in
the country.
•56% of these cases are estimated to be
multibacillary.
•The prevalence rate of leprosy is about 5 per
10,000 populations.
•About 15% of the cases suffer from deformities

18. Cont…
• Leprosy is a non-lethal chronic infectious disease
caused by M. Leprae.
•It affects mainly the peripheral nerves. It also affects
the skin, muscles, the eyes, bones, etc .
•Out of the estimated 2.7 million leprosy cases in the
world, 1.3 million are in India (1993) which includes
one lakh sixty thousand children.
• About 2.3 lakhs of cases are detected every year.
Two third of India's leprosy patients are concentrated
in six states, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh,
Maharashtra, Bihar, Orissa, and West Bengal.

19. Epidemiology
Leprosy is caused by Mycobacterius leprae,
which is a rod shaped bacillus.

20. Prevention and Control Strategies
•Provision of domiciliary multi-drug treatment
(MDT) course
•Treatment with combination of drugs—include
three drugs—Rifampicin, Clofazimine and
Dapsone
•Education of the patients and the community
about the curability of the disease
•Socio-economic rehabilitation of the sufferers
•Early detection in children of contacts and
through school health programme

21. AIDS:
• The problem of AIDS is increasing in
magnitude every year.
•Since AIDS was first detected in the year
1986, the cumulative number has risen to
12389 by the end of June 2000.

22. Nutritional Problems
• From the nutritional point of view, the Indian
society is a dual society, consisting of a small
group of well fed and a very large group of
undernourished.
•The high income groups are showing
diseases of affluence which one finds in
developed countries.

23. Protein-energy malnutrition
• Insufficiency of food – the so-called “food
gap” appears to be the chief cause of PEM,
which is a major health problem particularly
in the first years of life.
•The great majority of cases of PEM, nearly
80% are mild and moderate cases.
• The incidence of severe cases is 1 to 2 %
in preschool age children.
•The problem exits in all the states and the
nutritional marasmus is more frequent than
kwashiorkor.

24. Nutritional anemia
• India has probably the highest prevalence
of nutritional anemia in women and children.
•About one-half of non-pregnant women and
children are estimated to suffer from
anemia. 60-80% of pregnant women are
anemic.
•20 to 40 % of maternal deaths are attributed
to anemia.
•By far the most frequent cause of anemia is
iron deficiency and less frequently folate and
vitamin 12 deficiency.

25. Low birth weight
• This is a major public health problem in
many developing countries.
•About 30% of babies born are of low birth
weight (less than 2.5 kg), as compared to
about 4% in some developed countries.
•Maternal malnutrition and anemia are mainly
responsible for this condition.

26. Xerophthalmia (nutritional
blindness):
• about 0.04% of total blindness in India is
attributed to nutritional deficiency of vitamin
A; keratomalacia has been the major cause
of nutritional blindness in children usually
between 1-3 years of age.

27. Iodine deficiency disorders
• Goiter and other iodine deficiency disorders
have been known to be highly endemic in sub-
Himalayan regions.
•Studies showed that the prevalence rate in some
parts of Himachal Pradesh was 28.7% (in sirmor
and 34.5% in Mandi), 45.6% ropar in Punjab,
64.4% in champaran, Bihar; 35.6% in Darjeeling,
west Bengal; and 27% in Arunachal Pradesh.

28. Environmental Sanitation
• The most difficult problem to tackle in this country
is perhaps the environmental sanitation problem,
which is multifaceted and multifactorial.
•The great sanitary awakening which took place in
England in 1840’s is yet to be born.
•The twin problems of environmental sanitation are
lack of safe water in many areas of the country and
primitive methods of excrete disposal.
• Beside these, there has been a growing concern
about the impact of ‘new’ problems resulting from
population explosion.
•Urbanization and industrialization leading t hazards
to human health in the air, in water and in the food
chain. At the United Nations water conference in
Argentina, in 1977.

29. Medical Care Problems
India has a national health policy.
It does not have a national health services.
The financial resources are considered inadequate to
furnish the costs of running such a service. The
existing hospital –based, disease-oriented health
care model has provided health benefits mainly to
the urban elite.
Approximately 80% of health facilities are
concentrated in urban areas. Even in urban areas,
there is an uneven distribution of doctors. With large
migrations occurring from rural to urban areas,
urban health problems have been aggravated and
include overcrowding in hospitals, inadequate
staffing and scarcity of certain essential drugs and
medicines .

30. Cont…..
The rural areas where nearly 74% of the populations
live do not enjoy the benefits of the modern curative
and preventive health services. Many villages rely
on indigenous systems of the medicine. Thus the
major medical care problem in India is in equable
distribution of available health resources between
urban and rural areas, and lack of penetration of
health services to the social periphery. The
HFA/2000 movement and the primary health care
approach which lays stress on equity, intersectoral
coordination and community participation seek to
redress these imbalances.

31. Population Problem
The population problem is one of the biggest
problems facing the country, with its inevitable
consequences on all aspects of development,
especially employment, education, housing,
health care, sanitation and environment. It is
feared that the country’s population may
reach one billion marks by the turn of the
century.

32. Cont….
The government has set a goal 1% population
growth rate by the tear 2000, currently; the
country’s growth rate is 2.1%. This calls for
the “two child family norm”. The population
size and structure represent the most
important single factor in health and
manpower planning in India today where the
law of diminishing returns, among other
factors, plays an important role in the
economic development of the country.

33. THANK YOU