Sensors_and_Perception for all branch.pptx

Sensors and Perception – Description

Sensors are devices that detect and measure physical properties from the environment (such as temperature, pressure, motion, distance, sound, or light) and convert them into signals that can be read, processed, and acted upon by a system (e.g., a microcontroller, PLC, or computer).

Perception refers to the process of interpreting and making sense of the raw data collected by sensors. It transforms low-level signals into high-level understanding, enabling machines or robots to recognize objects, track movements, detect anomalies, and interact intelligently with their surroundings.

Key Aspects:

Types of Sensors:

Proximity Sensors (IR, ultrasonic, capacitive, inductive) → detect presence or distance.

Vision Sensors / Cameras → capture images or video for computer vision.

Motion & Position Sensors (accelerometers, gyroscopes, encoders).

Environmental Sensors (temperature, humidity, gas, pressure).

Force & Tactile Sensors → measure touch, grip, or pressure.

Role in Perception:

Converts real-world signals into digital data.

Uses algorithms (e.g., filtering, sensor fusion, machine learning) to interpret data.

Enables systems to see, hear, feel, and respond like humans.

Applications:

Robotics → obstacle detection, navigation, obj

1. Unit III – Sensors and Perception Position, Proximity & Vision Sensors

2. Introduction • What are sensors? • Why are they important in robotics & automation?

3. Position Sensors • Question: “Where am I / where is the part?” • Purpose: Measure location, displacement, orientation • Example: Rotary encoder in robotic arm joints

4. Linear Position Sensors • Measure straight-line displacement • Examples: Linear potentiometer, LVDT, capacitive sensor • Applications: Elevators, 3D printers, industrial presses

5. Rotary Position Sensors • Measure angular displacement • Examples: Rotary encoder, rotary potentiometer • Applications: Vehicle steering, robot joints, wind turbines

6. Other Position Sensor Types • Angular position • Absolute position • Multi-axis (6-DOF IMU for drones)

7. Proximity Sensors • Question: “Is something near me?” • Detect presence without contact • Importance: Safety, obstacle avoidance, automation

8. Inductive Proximity Sensors • Electromagnetic field detects metals • Features: Robust, unaffected by dust/oil • Applications: Gear tooth counting, machine detection

9. Capacitive Proximity Sensors • Detects changes in capacitance • Detects metals, plastics, wood, liquids • Applications: Liquid levels, packaging, grain silos

10. Ultrasonic Proximity Sensors • Emit sound waves, measure echo time • Detects solids & liquids, works in dark • Applications: Robot navigation, parking sensors, conveyors

11. Infrared (IR) Sensors • IR LED + photodiode detects reflection • Detects distance & color differences • Applications: Line-following robots, touchless taps

12. Comparison Table Inductive – Metals, short range Capacitive – Non-metals & liquids Ultrasonic – Long range, any object Infrared – Medium range, small robots

13. Vision Sensors • Question: “What exactly is around me?” • Functions: Detection, recognition, sorting, inspection

14. Components of Vision Sensors • Lens • Image sensor • Processor • Lighting • Interface

15. Types of Vision Sensors / Cameras • Mono: 2D (barcodes) • Stereo: Depth (3D mapping) • RGB: Color sorting • Thermal: Heat detection

16. Vision Processing Techniques • Image filtering • Edge detection • Pattern matching • Color segmentation • Object tracking • AI-based detection

17. Real-World Example • PCB manufacturing quality control • Vision sensors detect missing/misplaced parts • Automated rejection system

18. Hands-On Activity Challenge: • Build a proximity sensor with IR/Ultrasonic • Measure range with different materials • Compare results with theory

19. Ethical Considerations • Privacy issues (vision sensors) • Data misuse in surveillance • Bias in AI-based detection

20. Conclusion • Position: Where am I? • Proximity: Is something near me? • Vision: What exactly is around me? • Together → Robot perception