Sensory System........................pptx

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1. Corticosteroids

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3. Classification classified into two main groups: glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. Glucocorticoids : These are primarily involved in glucose metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. Examples include prednisone, prednisolone, dexamethasone, and hydrocortisone. Mineralocorticoids : These hormones primarily regulate electrolyte and water balance in the body. Aldosterone is the main example. 3

4. Mechanism of Action: Glucocorticoids : They exert their effects by binding to glucocorticoid receptors, which leads to modulation of gene expression. This results in anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive actions, as well as effects on glucose metabolism and protein catabolism. Mineralocorticoids : Aldosterone regulates sodium and potassium balance by acting on mineralocorticoid receptors in the kidney. 4

5. Adverse effects Short-term effects: Increased appetite, weight gain, insomnia, mood changes, and fluid retention. Long-term effects: Osteoporosis, increased susceptibility to infections, adrenal suppression, muscle weakness, diabetes, and skin thinning

6. Complications Prolonged use can lead to Cushing's syndrome-like symptoms (moon face, buffalo hump, central obesity). Withdrawal symptoms if discontinued abruptly after long-term use.

7. Preparations Corticosteroids are available in various forms including tablets, creams, inhalers, injections, and nasal sprays.

8. Dose Depends on the specific corticosteroid, the condition being treated, and individual patient factors. Doses can vary widely. Route of Administration Oral tablets or solutions, topical creams or ointments, inhalation (for asthma and COPD), intravenous or intramuscular injections, intra-articular injections (into joints), and nasal sprays. 8

9. Glucocorticoid drugs Prednisone Prednisolone Dexamethasone Hydrocortisone Cortisone

10. 1- Predniaone Route of Administration : oral Mechanism of Action: Prednisone is a synthetic glucocorticoid that mimics cortisol, a hormone naturally produced by the adrenal glands. Adverse Effects : Common side effects include increased appetite, weight gain.

11. Prednisolone Route of Administration : Oral, intravenously or as eye drops. Mechanism of Action: Prednisolone acts similarly to prednisone, by binding to glucocorticoid receptors and modulating gene transcription. Adverse Effects: Similar to prednisone, including increased appetite, weight gain,

12. Dexamethasone Route of Administration: Oral, intravenous, intramuscular, or as eye drops. Mechanism of Action: It suppresses inflammation and immune responses by binding to glucocorticoid receptors and inhibiting inflammatory mediators. Adverse Effects: Side effects include fluid retention, mood changes, insomnia.

13. Hydrocortisone Route of Administration: Oral, intravenous , intramuscular, or as a rectal suppository. Mechanism of Action: It functions similarly to synthetic corticosteroids by reducing inflammation and immune responses. Adverse Effects: Common side effects include skin irritation (with topical use, fluid retention, hypertension, and electrolyte imbalances.

14. Cortisone Route of Administration: Typically injected , can also be taken orally. Mechanism of Action : Cortisone is converted to hydrocortisone (cortisol) in the body and acts similarly by suppressing inflammation and immune responses. Adverse Effects : Similar to hydrocortisone and other corticosteroids

15. Betamethasone Route of administration: Oral, topical, injection Mechanism of action: binds to glucocorticoid receptors Inside cells and inhibit the synthesis and release of inflammatory cytokines. Adverse effects: fluid retention, increased appetite, weight gain, mood changes, insomnia.

16. Triamcinolone Route of administration: Topical, oral , injection Mechanism of action: it suppresses inflammation by inhibiting the production of inflammatory cytokines and immune mediators Adverse effects: fluid retention, weight gain, mood changes, insomnia

17. Mineralocorticoid Aldosterone Mechanism of Action : Aldosterone acts primarily on the kidneys to regulate electrolyte balance. It promotes sodium reabsorption in the distal tubules and collecting ducts of the nephrons in the kidneys. Adverse effects : sodium retention, potassium loss, hypertension (high blood pressure), and potentially cardiovascular complications like heart disease.

18. Fludrocortisone Typically administered orally as tablets. It acts similarly to aldosterone by binding to mineralocorticoid receptors in the kidneys Deoxycorticosterone It is not commonly used clinically It stimulates mineralocorticoid receptors, primarily in the kidneys, leading to increased reabsorption of sodium and excretion of potassium.