Sentence Structure and Transformation pptx (1).pptx

Sentence Structure and Transformation pptx (1).pptx

1. Sentence Structure and Transformation Before knowing about sentence structure, we need to know about clause. A clause is a group of words that includes at least a subject and a predicate of its own.

2. The Four Sentence Structures 1. Simple Sentence A simple sentence contains only one independent clause. An independent clause is a group of words (with a subject and a verb) that expresses a complete thought. I drink coffee. I drink coffee is an independent clause. It contains a subject ( I ) and a verb ( drink ), and it expresses a complete thought.

3. 2. Compound Sentence A compound sentence contains at least two independent clauses. These clauses are joined by a coordinating conjunction or a semicolon. A coordinating conjunction is a word that glues words, phrases, or clauses together. She cooked and he cleaned. She cooked is an independent clause.  He cleaned is also an independent clause.  And is a coordinating conjunction joining the two independent clauses.  She cooked and he cleaned is a compound sentence.

4. 4. Compound-Complex Sentence A compound-complex sentence contains at least two independent clauses and at least one subordinate clause. I would have purchased the cheese that you like, but it was too expensive. I would have purchased the cheese and it was too expensive are both independent clauses. They are being joined by the conjunction ‘ but’.  That you like is a dependent adjective clause modifying the noun cheese.  The whole sentence is a compound-complex sentence.

5. 3. Complex Sentence A complex sentence contains a subordinate clause and an independent clause. A subordinate clause is a group of words that has a subject and a verb but does not express a complete thought.   I washed the dishes after I ate breakfast. I washed the dishes is an independent clause.  After I ate breakfast is a dependent adverb clause modifying the verb washed .  I washed the dishes after I ate breakfast is a complex sentence. Sometimes, it can be hard for people to tell the difference between compound sentences and complex sentences.

6. Change simple sentence into complex or compound sentence In order to transform a simple sentence into a complex sentence, we have to expand a word or phrase into a subordinate clause. Study the example given below. Hearing the noise, the boy woke up. This is a simple sentence because it consists of just one clause. We can change it into a complex sentence by expanding that participial phrase into a subordinate clause. The boy woke up when he heard the noise.

7. We can also transform the given simple sentence into a compound sentence. A compound sentence consists of two or more main clauses. The clauses in a compound sentence are connected using coordinating conjunctions (e.g. and, but, or, nor, yet, for, so ) The boy heard the noise and woke up.

8. Exercise Transform the following simple sentences into complex or compound sentences. 1. Knocking at the gate, he demanded admission. 2. Blinded by a dust storm, they lost their way. 3. Deceived by his friends, he lost all hope. 4. Driven by hunger, he stole a piece of bread. 5. Overwhelmed with grief, the poor widow killed herself. 6. The sea being smooth, we went for a sail. 7. Weather permitting, the match will be held tomorrow afternoon.

9. Answers 1. He knocked at the gate and demanded admission. 2. As they were blinded by a dust storm, they lost their way. 3. As he was deceived by his friends, he lost all hope. 4. Because he was driven by hunger, he stole a piece of bread. 5. As the poor widow overwhelmed with grief , she killed herself. 6. Because the sea was smooth, we went for a sail. 7. If weather permits, the match will be held tomorrow afternoon.

10. Change compound sentence into complex sentence Transform the following compound sentences into complex sentences. A compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses. A complex sentence consists of one main clause and one or more dependent clauses. Study the example given below. Buy two shirts and get one free. (Compound sentence) If you buy two shirts, you get one free. (Complex sentence) Buy two shirts to get one free. (Simple sentence)

11. Exercise 1. He tried his best, but he didn’t succeed. (complex) 2. The clown entered the circus ring and the children started clapping. (complex) 3. Take care of the pence and the pounds will take care of themselves. (Complex) 4. You have to hurry or you will miss the bus. (simple/complex) 5. The battle has been won but the war isn’t over yet. (complex) 6. The country has made huge progress, but we still have a long way to go. (complex) 7. You have to be 18 years old or you can’t vote. (simple/complex) 8. Leprosy is curable and everybody knows this. (complex) 9. He is a magician from Turkey and he has performed all over the world. (complex)

12. Answers 1. Though he tried his best, he didn’t succeed. 2. When the clown entered the circus ring, the children started clapping. 3. If you take care of the pence, the pounds will take care of themselves. 4. If you do not hurry, you will miss the bus. 5. Though the battle has been won, the war isn’t over yet. 6. Although the country has made huge progress, we still have a long way to go. 7. If you are under 18, you can’t vote. 8. Everybody knows that leprosy is curable. 9. He is a magician from Turkey who has performed all over the world.

13. Common Coordinators And But For Now Or Yet So Nor

14. Common Signal Words WHY: Because, If, Since, So that When : After, As, Before, Once, Since, Until, When, Whenever, While How : Although, As if, As though, How, Unless, Though, Even though Where : Where, Wherever

15. Lets Practice: Active to Passive Do not open the door. How does the girl help the boy? Who wrote that music? Why are you making noise? When were you drinking coffee? Someone stole my watch. Can you carry the box? He gave me a pen. People say that he is an honest man. You have to help me.

16. Variety Levels of English Formal Informal Polite Familiar Impolite Spoken Written

17. Lets Practice Want a cup of tea? (Formal) His father kicked the bucket yesterday. (Formal) Call me to dine at you tomorrow. (Polite) Would you please telephone me an hour later? (Familiar) You have to deal with this matter right now. (Impersonal)