SENTENCES STRUCTURE-GRAMMAR INI ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING.ppt

A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. Dependent clauses can refer to the subject (who, which) the sequence/time (since, while), or the causal elements (because, if) of the independent clause.

If a sentence begins with a dependent clause, note the comma after this clause. If, on the other hand, the sentence begins with an independent clause, there is not a comma separating the two clauses.

Key: independent clause = yellow, bold; comma = pink, regular font; dependent clause = blue, italics

Here are a few examples:

Although she completed her literature review, she still needed to work on her methods section.
Note the comma in this sentence because it begins with a dependent clause.
Because he organized his sources by theme, it was easier for his readers to follow.
Note the comma in this sentence because it begins with a dependent clause.
They studied APA rules for many hours as they were so interesting.
Note that there is no comma in this sentence because it begins with an independent clause.
Using some complex sentences in writing allows for more sentence variety. Knowing the different kinds of sentences—and how to form them correctly—ensures you can always communicate what you mean and is a huge advantage in communication. It’s also crucial when writing to change up the types of sentences you use to keep things fresh. That’s why understanding the types of sentences can make a big difference.

In this article, we discuss eight types of sentences: four kinds of sentences according to function and four types of sentences according to structure. We explain the grammar rules for each sentence type and how to use them so you’ll be aware of all your choices when composing a new sentence. Knowing the different kinds of sentences—and how to form them correctly—ensures you can always communicate what you mean and is a huge advantage in communication. It’s also crucial when writing to change up the types of sentences you use to keep things fresh. That’s why understanding the types of sentences can make a big difference.

In this article, we discuss eight types of sentences: four kinds of sentences according to function and four types of sentences according to structure. We explain the grammar rules for each sentence type and how to use them so you’ll be aware of all your choices when composing a new sentence. Knowing the different kinds of sentences—and how to form them correctly—ensures you can always communicate what you mean and is a huge advantage in communication. It’s also crucial when writing to change up the types of sentences you use to keep things fresh. That’s why understanding the types of sentences can make a big difference.

In this article, we discuss eight types of sentences: four kinds of sentences according to function and four types of sentences according to structure. We explain the grammar rules for each sentence type and how to use them so you’ll be aware of all your choices

1. SENTENCE SENTENCE
STRUCTURES-STRUCTURES-
GRAMMARGRAMMAR
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2. What IS a Sentence?
•A sentence has a subject and a
predicate that work together to
make a complete thought.

3. Pick which of the
following is a sentence:
•Throughout people’s ears grow.
•Because ears grow.
•Throughout people’s lives their ears.
•People’s ears grow throughout their
entire lives.

4. Pick which of the
following is a sentence:
•Throughout people’s ears grow.
•Because ears grow.
•Throughout people’s lives their ears.
•People’s ears grow throughout their
entire lives.

5. A Subject?
•The subject of a sentence is a noun
or pronoun that tells who or what the
subject is.
•Example:
This horse is brown.

6. A Predicate?
•A predicate is a verb or verb phrase
that tells what the subject is doing
•Example:
The horse is running
around the track.

7. REVIEW
•So, we know a sentence is a group of
words that:
1. has a subject (noun or pronoun).
2. has a predicate (verb or verb
phrase).
3. expresses a complete thought.

8. Ask yourself the
following questions:
•To find the subject, ask : “Who or
what is the sentence about?”
•To find an action verb, ask: “What is
the subject doing?”
•If you can’t find an action verb, look
for a linking verb such as is, will, are,
or has. Example: The cat is brown.

9. Which comes first? The
subject or the verb?
•In most sentences, the subject will
come before the verb.
•However, in questions, for example,
the verb will often come before the
subject.
•Example: The fish is in the pond.
Is the fish in the pond?

10. Clauses
•There are two types of clauses:
1. independent: can stand alone
because they have a subject and verb; a
complete sentence!
2. dependent: cannot stand alone
because they do not express a complete
thought even though they have a subject
and verb.

11. Independent and dependent clauses can
be used in ways to form the four basic
types of sentences:

12. Simple Sentences
•A simple sentence has one independent
clause. That means it has one subject
and one verb.
•A simple sentence can also have
adjectives and adverbs.
•A simple sentence cannot have another
independent clause or any dependent
clauses.

13. Examples of Simple
Sentences:
•One subject, one verb:
Americans eat a lot of apples.
•Compound subject, one verb:
Lebron James and Kobe Bryant are
basketball players.
•One subject, compound verb:
My son toasts and butters his bread.

14. Compound Sentences
•A compound sentence consists of two
or more independent clauses.
•The independent clauses can be
joined in two ways:
1. with a coordinating conjunction
(for, and, nor, or, but, yet, so)
2. with a semicolon (;)

15. More Compound
Sentences:
•As with a simple
sentence, a
compound sentence
cannot have any
dependent clauses.
Independent
Clause
Conjunction
Or
Semicolon
Independent
Clause
Sally went
to the store and
John picked
her up an
hour later.
The largest
mammals are
found in the
sea
;
there is
nowhere
else to put
them.
She loves to
play
volleyball
but
she is
better at
basketball.

16. Complex Sentences
•A complex sentence has one independent clause
(called the main clause) and at least one
dependent clause.
•These sentences use subordinating conjunctions
to link (until, while, when, and even though).
Example: The lake dries up (independent clause)
when (subordinating conjunction) the heat
comes (dependent clause/includes subordinating
conjunction).

17. Compound-Complex
Sentences
•A compound-complex sentence has at
least two independent clauses and at
least one dependent clause.
•The dependent clause can be part of the
independent clause.
Example: I planned to drive to work
(independent), but I couldn’t
(independent) until the mechanic repaired
my car (dependent).

18. Practice 4
Combine the simple sentences into compound sentences.

1. She didn’t lock the car. I can get the cooler.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
2. Jenny went to the mall. Allen went with her.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
3. You can trust John. Don’t tell Sarah about it.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………...

Using the given words, combine the simple sentences into complex sentences.
Example: Frederick ordered two hamburgers. He was very hungry. (as)
Frederick ordered two hamburgers as he was very hungry.
4. I’m going to the party. If Peter comes before I leave, I won’t go. (unless)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
5. Don’t forget to put on some sunscreen. It is really sunny out today. (because)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
6. Jane can’t sleep. She can sleep only after her son arrives home safely. (until)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
7. Adam is having trouble with his math homework. He is usually amazing at math. (even though)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Combine the groups of sentences to form compound-complex sentences.
8. I just met John. I trust him completely. I lent him my car.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
9. Ginny enjoys karaoke. She sings like a pop star. She has never had singing lessons.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
10. Mark lent me a book. It is a rare illustrated version. He wants me to take good care of it.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
11. The front tire is flat. Sarah’s mother drove over a nail. She doesn’t want to pay to get it fixed.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

19. Sentence Errors
•There are two basic types of
sentence errors:
1. Fragments
2. Run-ons

20. Sentence Fragments
•A sentence fragment is a group of
words that do not express a complete
thought. Most of the time, a
fragment is missing a subject, a verb,
or both.
Example: Because I said so!
Used to cure ticks and fleas.

21. Run-On Sentences &
Comma Splices
•A run-on sentence is two incorrectly
joined independent clauses. Example:
Godzilla wants to sleep he is exhausted
from destroying Tokyo.
•A comma splice is a run-on sentence
with a comma where the two independent
clauses run together. Example: The sun
is high, put on some sunblock.

22. Run-Ons
•Run-on sentences are not necessarily
long. Example: She walked he ran.
•The second clause of a run-on often
begins with a pronoun. Example:
Godzilla wants to sleep he is
exhausted from destroying Tokyo.

23. So…

24. Corrections
•Godzilla wants to sleep. He is exhausted from
destroying Tokyo. (Two sentences)
•Godzilla wants to sleep, for he is exhausted from
destroying Tokyo. (Coordinating conjunction)
•Godzilla wants to sleep, because he is exhausted
from destroying Tokyo. (subordinating
conjunction)
•Godzilla wants to sleep; he is exhausted from
destroying Tokyo. (semi-colon)

25. Words perform different functions in a sentence.
Details are as follows:

26. Next.…