SERVICES LIFT/ ESCALATOR PRESENTATION.pptx

A lift (or elevator) is a vertical transportation device used to move people and goods between different levels of a building or structure. It is one of the most essential components of modern architecture, especially in high-rise buildings, hospitals, shopping malls, offices, and industrial facilities.

1. DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY BUILDING SERVICES-III (MECHANICAL) ARC3150 TYPES OF LIFTS SUBMITTED BY UMAMA TAUSEEF 23ARBEA112 GHOSIYA 23ARBEA114 KASHISH 23ARBEA117 AYESHA ZAIDI 23ARBEA120 SUBMITTED TO AR. SADAF FARIDI

2. LIFTS INTRODUCTION TO LIFTS A lift (or elevator) is a vertical transportation device used to move people and goods between different levels of a building or structure. It is one of the most essential components of modern architecture, especially in high-rise buildings, hospitals, shopping malls, offices, and industrial facilities. History Ancient lifts: Early pulley-based hoisting devices were used in Ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome. First modern lift: Elisha Graves Otis (1853) demonstrated the first safety elevator with a safety brake system in New York, which revolutionized building design. With the invention of the electric elevator (1880s) by Werner von Siemens, skyscrapers became possible. TYPES OF LIFTS 1. Traction Elevators (most common) • Uses ropes, sheaves, and counterweights. • Can be geared or gearless. • Suitable for mid- to high-rise buildings. 2. Hydraulic Elevators • Powered by hydraulic piston and fluid pressure. • Mostly used in low-rise buildings (2–5 floors). 3. Machine-Room-Less (MRL) Elevators • Compact design, no separate machine room. • Energy-efficient and space-saving. 4. Special Purpose Lifts • Hospital lifts (wide cabins for stretchers). • Freight elevators (for goods). • Dumbwaiters (for small loads in hotels/restaurants). • Capsule lifts (glass design for aesthetics). WORKING PRINCIPLE A lift operates on the principle of counterbalancing and power transmission. In traction elevators, an electric motor drives the sheave (pulley), which moves ropes connected to the car and counterweight. In hydraulic lifts, a piston pushes the car upward by hydraulic fluid pressure, and it descends by gravity when fluid is released. BASIC COMPONENTS OF A LIFT Car (Cabin): The enclosed platform where passengers or goods are carried. Shaft ( Hoistway ): Vertical passage where the lift moves. Guide Rails: Keep the car and counterweight aligned. Counterweight: Balances the car to reduce energy consumption. Machine/Drive System: Provides motion (traction motor, hydraulic piston, or other systems). Control System: Manages movement, speed, and safety functions. Doors: Automatic doors for cabin and landing floors. Safety Devices: Emergency brakes, buffers, overload sensors, alarm systems .

3. MITSUBISHI ELEVATOR Mitsubishi Electric is one of the world’s leading names in elevators and escalators. Since its founding in 1921, the company has built a reputation for safety, quality, innovation, and comfort. Their elevators are designed to give passengers a smooth, quiet, and reliable ride—so smooth that people often say, “a coin could stand on its edge without falling.” Mitsubishi Elevators are made in Japan by Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, which is headquartered in Tokyo, Japan. With installations in homes, offices, shopping malls, hotels, hospitals, and skyscrapers across 100+ countries, Mitsubishi elevators have become a trusted choice in vertical transportation. From compact home elevators to high-speed skyscraper lifts, the company offers solutions for every type of building. What makes Mitsubishi elevators special is their focus on: • Advanced technology (gearless traction, regenerative energy systems, AI-based controls) • High safety standards (earthquake sensors, fire protection, emergency power operations) • Energy efficiency (green designs that save power and reduce carbon footprint) • User comfort (quiet rides, stylish interiors, accessibility features) Their dedication to continuous innovation has even led them to develop some of the fastest and most advanced elevators in the world, including those in Japan’s tallest buildings. 1. Passenger Elevators – NEXIEZ-MRL (Machine Room Less) • For daily use by office staff and visitors. • Type: Traction (gearless, MRL). • Why chosen: Saves space (no machine room), smooth ride, efficient for mid-rise/high-rise. 2. Fireman/Service Elevator – NEXIEZ-MR (Machine Room type) • Dual use: emergency fireman operation + service/stretcher elevator for hospital compliance. • Type: Traction with machine room. • Why chosen: Reliable under emergencies, bigger capacity (stretcher size), dedicated fire operation features. 3. Freight Elevator – GFC Series • Heavy-duty goods lift for materials, furniture, or retail stock. • Type: Freight traction lift. • Why chosen: Rugged, large capacity (2,000 kg), durable finishes.

4. MITSUBISHI ELEVATOR Parameter Specification Car Inside Dimensions ~ 1100 mm (W) × 2100 mm (D) × 2200 mm (H) Car Area (usable) ~ 2.3 m² Door Opening 800–1000 mm clear width (Center-opening type) Capacity (Load) 6 to 20 persons (450–1350 kg) Finishes Stainless steel panels, optional wood or glass Lighting Energy-saving LED ceiling Controls Touch panel / button with braille Safety Fire-rated doors, intercom, emergency light, overload sensor Speed & Load Range • Passenger Elevators: • Speed: 1.0 – 3.5 m/s (mid-rise) • Load: 450 – 1350 kg (6–20 passengers) • High-Speed Skyscraper Elevators: • Speed: up to 20 m/s (world’s fastest in Japan/Taiwan) • Load: 1000 – 2000 kg • Freight Elevators (GFC series): • Speed: 0.5 – 1.5 m/s • Load: 1000 – 5000 kg

5. SHANGAI TOWER, CHINA CASE STUDY 1 INTRODUCTION Shangai Tower, china completed in 2014. is the country's tallest building and the second-tallest in the world, after Dubai's Burj Khalifa. It also have the distinction of having the world's fastest elevator, which will be able to reach speeds of 40 miles per hour. The building incorporates 106 elevators and set a world record for furthest-traveling single elevator, at 1,898 feet. It be the third-tallest building in the world after Sky City in China is completed next year. Motor in the elevators has a built-in converter that regenerates electricity. This reduces the elevator's power consumption by more than 30 percent, according to Mitsubishi. The safety gear, which grasps the elevator rails if there's a cable problem, is made of ceramic material that can withstand high heat and friction.

6. SHANGAI TOWER ELEVATOR PARAMETER SPECIFICATION Total Elevators 106 Manufacturer Mitsubishi Electric Fastest Elevator Speed 20.5 m/s (~74 km/h)Fastest Elevator Type Ultra-high-speed shuttle to observation deck Longest Travel Distance 578.5 meters (single run) Zoning Strategy 9 vertical zones with sky lobbies Elevator Types Double-deck shuttles- Single-deck locals- Firefighter lifts Observation Deck Elevators Reach 118th floor at ~20.5 m/s in ~55 seconds Braking System Advanced ceramic brakes with dual-safety system Rope Technology Mitsubishi sfleX -rope (lightweight, high-tension)Comfort Tech- Air pressure regulation- Vibration damping Energy Efficiency Regenerative braking (energy recovery system) Emergency Features Firefighter elevators, refuge zones, emergency power backup VERTICAL ZONING

7. ESCON ELEVATORS Escon elevators is a Private Limited Company having a blend of professionals and technocrats. 35+ years of experience in the elevator and escalator industry. Ranked among the Top 5 elevator companies in India . Global leader in Automobile (Car) Elevators with world’s first FIFO (First-In-First-Out) concept . Established in 1990 , providing customized elevatoring & parking solutions . Wide product range: Passenger Elevators, Hospital Lifts, Capsule Elevators, Freight/Goods Lifts, Dumbwaiters, Escalators, Autowalks , and Parking Systems. State-of-the-art manufacturing setup with in-house R&D, production, testing, and quality assurance facilities . Strong focus on energy efficiency, safety, and ride comfort . INTRODUCTION Modernization services : consultancy, technical audit, inspection, repair, replacement of parts, and technology upgradation. Products launched only after rigorous test runs under demanding conditions . Certified with ISO 9001:2015 and compliant with IS 14665 safety standards . Awarded NSIC-CRISIL SE1B rating – proof of superior performance and financial stability. Nationwide presence with satisfied clients across government, private, residential, and industrial sectors. Strong team of qualified engineers (Electrical, Mechanical, Electronics) providing prompt installation & maintenance support . Core strengths: Innovation, Customization, Quality, Reliability, and Customer Satisfaction.

8. ESCON ELEVATORS Key Figures Capacity 272-1768 kg Travel Height Upto 75 m Stops Max. 25 stops Speed 0.70 m/s-2.5 m/s Drive System Machine Roomless , MR Group Size Upto 8 cars Entrances One or two sided ELEVIO SIMPLE, RELIABLE AND COMPACT Key Figures Capacity 272 kg Travel Height Upto 12 m Stops Max. 4 stops Speed 0.3 m/s Drive System Machine Roomless or Hydrolic Group Size Upto 1 cars Entrances One or two sided VESTA STYLISH, FUNCTIONAL AND FLEXIBLE PASSENGER ELEVATORS HOME ELEVATORS

9. ESCON ELEVATORS Key Figures Capacity 2500-4800 kg Travel Height Upto 80 m Stops Max. 10 stops Speed 0.3 m/s-1.5 m/s Drive System Machine Roomless or Machine Roomless or Hydrolic Group Size Upto 1 cars Entrances One or two sided ASTRON IMPRESSIVE, POWERFUL AND EFFECTIVE Key Figures Capacity 884-1768 kg Travel Height Upto 75 m Stops Max. 25 stops Speed 1.0-2.0 m/s Drive System Machine Roomless or Machine Roomless Group Size Upto 8 cars Entrances One sided AURA IMPRESSIVE, POWEFUL AND EFFECTIVE AUTOMOBILE ELEVATORS OBSERVATION ELEVATORS

10. ESCON ELEVATORS Key Figures Capacity 800-5000 kg Travel Height Upto 75 m Stops Max. 25 stops Speed 1.0 m/s-2.0 m/s Drive System Machine Roomless or Machine Roomless or Hydrolic Group Size Upto 8 cars Entrances Two sided CURA BED RELIABLE, STYLISH AND FUNCTIONAL Key Figures Capacity 1000-5000 kg Travel Height Upto 30 m Stops Max. 10 stops Speed 0.5-1.0 m/s Drive System Machine Roomless or Machine Roomless or Hydrolic Group Size Upto 1 cars Entrances One or two sided HERCULUS IMPRESSIVE, POWEFUL AND EFFECTIVE STRECHER ELEVATORS FRIEGHT ELEVATORS

11. OBSERVATION LIFT, MAHA CELL ,NAVI MUMBAI CASE STUDY 2 INTRODUCTION ESCON Elevators, a vertical transportation solutions pioneer, recently achieves a key milestone by successfully building a cutting-edge capsule lift at the Maha Cyber Cell, located in Millennium Business Park,Mahape , Navi Mumbai. Godrej given ESCON this prestigious job, and the team worked hard to complete the installation in less than a month. The capsule lift serves a G+5 structure and travels at an astounding 1.75 meters per second, enabling quick and effective transportation for users. With its elegant form and superb finish, the elevator brings a modern and sophisticated touch to the Maha Cyber Cell facility, improving both operation and aesthetics.

12. ESCON ELEVATOR Key Figures Capacity 1 3 persons/ 884kgs Travel Height 3m floor to floor Stops 5 stops Speed 1.75 m/s Drive System Machine Roomless Group Size Upto 8 cars Entrances One sided The effective completion of this project besides improves ESCON Elevators' industry reputation, yet displays its capacity to tackle difficult and time-sensitive projects. The project demonstrates ESCON's dedication to provide innovative, high-quality vertical transportation solutions. This project at Maha Cyber Cell is another step ahead in ESCON's journey, as the company expands its reach and capabilities throughout India.

13. FEATURES MITSUBISHI ESCON Company origin Japan, global leader (est. 1931 in elevators) India, regional player Market focus High-rise, premium commercial & residential project Low to mid-rise residential & small commercial projects T echnology Cutting-edge (AI control, regenerative drives (high speed lift) Practical, cost-effective, simpler technology Speed range Up to 20 m/s (for skyscrapers) Typically 1–2.5 m/s (low to mid-rise) R ide comfort Extremely smooth, low vibration & noise Good comfort, but not on par with Mitsubishi Types of lift Passenger, luxury, high-speed, freight, hospital, escalators, moving walks Passenger, home lifts, goods lifts, hospital lifts Durability and reliability World-class, very long lifespan, minimal breakdowns Reliable for Indian market, but lifespan shorter compartment Price High (Premium, imported) USD 7000 – USD15000+ Affordable (local manufacturing) USD4500- USD6000 Service Network Strong global & metro city presence; spares costly Wide availability in India; spares cheaper & quicker Best for Premium high-rise towers, 5-star hotels, airports, corporate HQ Residential apartments, mid-rise buildings, budget project DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BOTH THE LIFTS

14. RESIDENTIAL APARTMENT LIFT CASE STUDY 3 A passenger lift, commonly installed in residential apartments, is an electrically operated vertical transportation system designed to safely and efficiently carry people between different floors of a building. Unlike service or freight elevators, a passenger lift prioritizes comfort, accessibility, and ease of use, often featuring smooth ride quality, user-friendly controls, and safety mechanisms such as automatic doors and emergency systems. In residential settings, these lifts not only enhance convenience for daily living but also improve mobility for elderly residents, children, and individuals with physical challenges, thereby contributing to the overall functionality and inclusivity of the building. T ypically accommodating 4 to 8 persons at a time, depending on the size of the apartment complex. These lifts generally operate at low to medium speeds (0.5–1.5 m/s), which is suitable for buildings up to mid-rise levels. INTRODUCTION

15. BASIC INFO ➤ Manufacturer - Johnson Lifts ➤ Model - Standard Passenger Lift ➤ Year of installation - 2019 ➤ Type of lift - traction lift TECHNICAL INFO ➤ Max. Capacity - 6 Persons ➤ Rated Load - 408 Kg ➤ No. Of Lifts - One (Passenger Lift) ➤ No. Of Floors Served - Ground (0) To 5th Floor ➤ Type Of Door - Manual Center-opening (Swing Type) ➤ Dimensions - Approx. 0.97 m (Width) × 0.70 m (Depth) × 2.20 m (Height) DESIGN AND INTERIOR ➤ Cabin Wall Material - Stainless Steel With Wooden Laminate Finish ➤ Lighting Type - Ceiling Lights ( Leds ) ➤ Control Panel Type - Button Panel With Digital Floor Indicator ➤ Support Mechanism - Side Handrail PERFORMANCE OBSERVATION ➤ Ride quality - very Smooth, moderate vibrations ➤ Noise level - Low ➤ Travel time per floor - 15 SECONDS (ground to FIRST floor), 10 SECONDS ( FIRST TO SECOND FLOOR) ➤ Door opening/closing time - 5 SECONDS Speed SAFETY FEATURES ➤ Door sensors ➤ Emergency alarm button ➤ Power backup (intercom) ➤ Safety instructions displayed inside cabin GULSHAN HOMES

16. TRACTION LIFT A traction lift is an advanced type of elevator that operates using steel ropes or belts, a counterweight, and a motor-driven pulley system. The counterweight balances the elevator car, reducing the amount of energy needed for movement and ensuring smoother operation. It is widely chosen because they are faster, more energy-efficient, and capable of traveling much higher than the hydraulic lifts. They also provide greater comfort and safety, making them suitable for buildings with heavy passenger flow. These lifts are most commonly found in high-rise apartments, commercial complexes, offices, hotels, and hospitals, where speed, efficiency, and reliability are essential. Working Principle of a Traction Lift : A traction lift operates on the principle of counterbalancing. The elevator car is suspended by strong steel ropes (or belts) that pass over a traction sheave connected to an electric motor. On the other side, a counterweight is attached, which balances the car’s load and reduces the amount of energy needed to move it. When the motor turns the sheave, friction between the ropes and the sheave allows the car to move up or down within the vertical shaft. The counterweight moves in the opposite direction, ensuring smoother travel, reduced power consumption, and enhanced efficiency, especially in multi- storey  buildings.

17. CAPSULE ELEVATOR/ LIFTS CASE STUDY 4 Capsule lifts, also known as  panoramic   or  glass elevators ,  are primarily categorized by their shape and drive mechanism. Common shapes include circular, oval, pentagonal and rectangular/square, offering varying degrees of visibility. They can be powered by  hydraulic systems   or  traction systems , each suited for different building heights  ,depending on the machine room location. Additionally, they can be classified based on their primary function, such as passenger or freight lifts, though freight capsule lifts are less common.  Capsule lifts manufacturing demand specialized knowledge and state of the art technology. There antio several different options pertaining to their design that are available. They can have bottom lit marble floors, bell shaped roofs and cabin exteriors. Further, Glass doors make the capsule lifts look really world-class. INTRODUCTION

18. CASE STUDY -4 Capsule can accommodate from 8 persons to 40 persons for a single glass capsule. Octagonal shaped capsule lifts are also being designe and can accommodate up to 13. persons. Load Capacity and Size: Small Capsule Lifts: Often designed for 4-6 passengers, with dimensions around 1.3m x 1.5m (width x depth).  Medium Capsule Lifts: Can accommodate 8-10 passengers, with dimensions around 1.4m x 1.8m.  Larger Capsule Lifts: Available for high-traffic areas, with capacities for 13, 16, or even 20 passengers or more.  Load Capacity: Ranges from 630 kg (8 passengers) to 1300 kg (13 passengers) or higher. For example, a 13-passenger lift may have a load capacity of 1000 kg.  Shaft Size: Larger lifts require larger shaft dimensions. For instance, a 10-passenger lift may need a shaft size of 1900 x 1950 mm.  Commercial vs. Residential: Capsule lifts for commercial buildings (hotels, malls, etc.) tend to have higher capacities and larger sizes than those for residential use.  TYPES OF CAPSULE LIFT LOAD AND CAPACITY CHART CAPSULE LIFT TYPES, CAPACITY AND LOAD Hydraulic and traction capsule lifts offer distinct advantages. Hydraulic capsule lifts are known for their smooth ride, lower initial cost, and suitability for low-rise buildings, while traction lifts excel in speed, energy efficiency, and suitability for high-rise applications. CASE STUDY 4 CASE STUDY 4 HYDRAULIC CAPSULE LIFT Mechanism:  Use a hydraulic system with a piston and cylinder to move the elevator.  Speed:  suitable for low-rise buildings (typically up to 5 or 6 stories).  Cost:   lower initial installation cost, particularly for residential applications.  Space:  Require a machine room, but often less space for the shaft itself.  Maintenance:  May require more frequent maintenance and fluid refils   Ride Quality:  Known for smooth, jerk-free rides according to some elevator experts.  Applications:  Often found in homes, residential buildings, and small commercial spaces.  TRACTION CAPSULE LIFT Mechanism:  Use steel ropes, a pulley, counterweight, an electric motor.  Speed:   S uitable for high-rise buildings.  Cost:   H igher initial cost,   Space:  Require a machine room and potentially more shaft space.  Maintenance:  Generally require less maintenance , with fewer moving parts. Energy Efficiency:  More energy-efficient, , due to the counterweight system.  Applications:  Ideal for tall buildings, skyscrapers, and high-traffic commercial spaces.  HYDRAULIC TRACTION

19. CASE STUDY 4 Manufacturer - Otis Model – Capsule Passenger lift Year of installation - 2018 Type of lift – Traction lift (machine-room ), geared traction Max. capacity - 10 Persons Rated load- 680 kg No. of lifts – one No. of floors served - Ground, 1 st to 3 Type of door - Telescopic sliding doors (2-panel type) Dimensions - 0.45X0.9X0.45m (Pentagonal sides 1.2x1.35x1.2m(Rectangular sides) Height- 3.15m flooe to floor Cabin wall material - SS Lighting type - LEDs Control panel type - Button Support mechanism - Handrails BASIC INFO TECHNICAL INFO : DESIGN AND INTERIOR Ride quality- Very smooth Vibrations - None Noise level- Very low Travel time per floor- 10secs Door opening/closing time- 3secs Speed – 1.2m/s Door sensors Emergency alarm button Power backup CCTV camera PERFORMANCE OBSERVATION SAFETY FEATURES CASE STUDY 4 MACHINE ROOM AND INVERTOR Located above hoistway ( Elevator shaft) Contains traction electric winch machine, controller, and inverter.  Machine model name- 52NQ3024 Ventilation fan Dimensions- 2.5X3m ABOUT LANDMARK MALL CAPSULE LIF T CASE STUDY 4 CASE STUDY 4

20. Capsule Elevators act as Architectural highlights on prestigious buildings. They can be called the ornaments of a building as they enhance its beauty and bring life into it. Their design, features and infinite options add its optimum travel comfort. They have aesthetically attractive interiors with large glass viewing panel. Capsule lifts demand specialized knowledge and we have the wide experience required to suit your particular concept in capsule elevator operations. The Landmark lift is a type of the Capsule passenger lift fulfilling both functional and aesthetic purposes. The interior is made up of 3 transparent glass panels having pentagonal shape .This type of elevator is designed to enhance the aesthetic appeal of a space, making it suitable for both commercial and residential use. The lift features stainless steel construction and glass panels, ensuring a smooth and safe ride for passengers. ABOUT INTERIOR AND DESIGN OF LIFT CASE STUDY 4 CASE STUDY 4

21. CASE STUDY 4 Here's a more detailed breakdown: 1. Ropes and  Sheave : Steel ropes are looped over a sheave (a grooved pulley) located at the top of the elevator shaft.  2. Motor and Traction : An electric motor rotates the sheave, causing the ropes to wind or unwind, thereby moving the elevator car up or down.  3.  Counterweight :  A counterweight, typically equal to the weight of the elevator car plus half its load capacity, is attached to the other end of the ropes. This counterweight helps balance the system, reducing the amount of energy needed to move the elevator.  4. Capsule Design: The unique aspect of a capsule lift is its transparent or semi-transparent walls, offering passengers a panoramic view during their ride.  5. Control System : An elevator controller ensures safe and efficient movement by managing the motor's speed and direction, and by monitoring various safety features.  A capsule traction lift, also known as a  panoramic elevator , works by using a system of ropes, pulleys (sheaves), and a counterweight, all powered by an electric motor, to move the elevator car. The motor rotates the sheave, which winds or unwinds the ropes, causing the elevator car to move up or down. The counterweight balances the weight of the elevator car, making the system more energy-efficient. HOW DOES CAPSULE TRACTION LIFT WORKS ??

22. The machine room houses the core components that power the elevator, including the traction machine, controller, and inverter. The machine room is located above the hoistway (elevator shaft) in case of Landmark Mall otherwise it can also be in basement also. Machine Room: This is a dedicated space that contains the machinery and electrical components necessary for the elevator's operation. For traction elevators, it's the location of the traction machine, which is the motor that drives the elevator car.  Traction Machine: This is the motor that provides the power to move the elevator car up and down. It is connected to a sheave (a pulley) around which the elevator cables are wrapped.  Inverter: The inverter is a crucial part of the elevator's drive system. It converts the electrical power from the building's electrical system into a form that the traction machine can use to control the elevator's speed and direction.  Relationship: The machine room houses the traction machine and the inverter, which work together to move the elevator. The inverter controls the power provided to the traction machine, allowing for smooth and efficient operation.  DRAWINGS OF INVERTOR MACHINE ROOM AND INVERTOR CASE STUDY 4

23. CRITERIA CAPSULE LIFT APARTMENT LIFT Preferred Location for installation Installed on the exterior face or lobby of building No particular preference, wherever civil structure/space is available Material for walls Large glass panels are used to provide panoramic view from a capsule lift Opaque metal are used without any preference Interior Design and Facilities Plush interiors with multi features to leave a lasting impression on guest Standard features and Basic amenities with more emphasis on occupying max. passengers Material of lift and Design Carefully chosen material and design which could enhance the aesthetic and look of building Ergonomically designed, best suited for operations and space utilization Manufacturing Capsule lift Manufacturing requires special knowledge and look of the building Does not require any special additonal  skill set Usage Used commonly in Commercial buildings Used commonly in residence Price Rs 8,00,000- 10,00,000 Rs. 4,50,000- 6,00,000 Safety and precautions Proper safety and precautions are mentioned Safety and precautions are generally not mentioned In essence, a capsule traction lift combines the efficient operation of a standard traction elevator with a visually striking design, making it a popular choice for modern buildings where aesthetics are important.  DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BOTH THE LIFTS CASE STUDY 4 CASE STUDY 4

24. BIBLIOGRAPHY https://esconelevators.com/ https://in.mitsubishielectric.com/en/ https://www.mitsubishicorp.com/ https://gartec.com/blog/how-do-traction-lifts-work/ https://dazenelevator.com/traction-elevator-everything-you-need-to-know/