Session II_Resesearch Methodology_August 5, 2021.pptx

Session II_Resesearch Methodology_August 5, 2021.pptx

1. Research Methodology

2. Research Methodology Session II: The Introductory Chapter August 23, 2021 Presenter: Mr.Mohamed Abdi Ismail {BPA , MFM, MDS} Senior Lecturer & Dean, Faculty of Social Sciences Horseed International University

3. Thesis Structure: Five Major Sections / chapters Introduction Review of Related Literature Methodology Results and Discussion Summary, Conclusions, Recommendations Note: In any section, if you’ll mention an idea which is not yours please always rephrase and write your source.

4. Chapter 1 - Introduction Introduction Background of the study Problem statement Purpose of the study Objectives or Research Questions Research Hypothesis Scope of the study Significance of The Study Definition of Terms Conceptual Framework

5. Introduction introductory statement about the study presents a general statement about the study (can be an issue or claim) P r e sen t s su p port a b out t he g en e ral sta t em e nt (org a nization or beneficiaries can be introduce also) last paragraph contains either the aims or problems that the study would want to achieve or solve .

6. Background of the study The background of the study provides context to the information that you are discussing in your research. Typically, the background of a study includes a review of the existing literature on the area of your research, leading up to your topic. Once you have discussed the contribution of other researchers in the field, you can identify gaps in understanding, that is, areas that have not been addressed in these studies. You can then explain how your study will address these gaps and how it will contribute to the existing knowledge in the field.

7. Background of the study Overview of your topic (i.e. What do you want readers to know about concerning your topic?) General information about your topic Context of your topic Rationale/Justification of your topic

8. Background of the study Contents of the background of the study Globally In Africa In Somalia

9. Statement of the Problem Describes the problems to be investigated. Contains a g e n e r a l problem w r itten i n t he form o f a state m ent follo w ed b y the spec i fic quest i ons o r s u b - problems Problem statement should be relevant , feasible and interesting .

10. Statement of the Problem Format Section I (The ideal ):  Describes a desired goal or ideal situation; explains how things should be. Section II (The reality):  Describes a condition that prevents the goal, state, or value in Section A from being achieved or realized at this time. Section II (The consequences):  Identifies the way you propose to improve the current situation and move it closer to the goal or ideal 10

11. Example of statement of problem Title: C onsumers’ attitude towards online shopping. With increasing retail space rental and other operating cost, with declining sales and financial constraints, retailers have no choice but urgently need to find alternative to increase revenue. Online store can be one of the attractive solutions. Sulaiman et al. (2008) highlighted the fact that most companies use the Internet to cut marketing costs and to improve competitiveness.

12. Cont ……. However, before venturing in it, it is important for retailers to understand clearly such online shopping opportunity. No success can be guaranteed. Setting up a portal site can be costly, time consuming, lead to wrong direction and a mere waste of many resources. When appropriate goods and services are offered through online channel, only then consumers will purchase them. However, little information is known about Somali internet users’ attitude towards shopping online on such product.

13. Cont ……. Therefore, it is important to understand the attitudes of our consumers towards internet shopping and what are the factors that influence attitudes towards making an online shopping decision in Royal fruit companies Mogadishu, Somalia.

14. Purpose of the study The introduction focuses on the problem leading to the study, but it is the purpose statement that establishes the direction for the research. The statement captures, in a single sentence or paragraph, the essence of the study. Example: The main purpose of this study is to examine attitudes towards making an online shopping decision in Royal fruit companies Mogadishu, Somalia .

15. Objectives of the Study I ncludes both the general and specific objectives (must be parallel to your SOP) . The objective of research project summaries what is to be achieved by the study. The research objectives are specific accomplishments the researcher hopes to achieve by the study. Every research has specified objectives that the researcher wants to achieve in his study.

16. Objectives of the Study Your objective should be smart: S: SPECIFIC M: MEASURABLE A: ATTAINABLE R: REALISTIC T: TIME BOUND Why do we need objectives in a research? Focus the study Avoid unnecessary data Organize the study in clearly defined parts or phases Gives direction

17. Objectives of the Study Writing objectives of research Your objectives should be stated using action verbs that are specific enough to be measured, for example: to establish, to compare, to calculate, to assess, to determine, to verify,, to describe, to explain, to identify, to find out, examine, etc. Avoid us of non-active verbs such as: to appreciate, understand, to believe, to study , etc., because it is difficult to evaluate whether they have been achieved .

18. General vs Specific Objectives General Objectives: states what researchers expect to achieve by the study in general term  Specific Objectives: are short term and narrow in focus. General objectives are broken into small logically connected parts to form specific objectives.

19. Example of research objective General objective: In general, this study is to examine consumers’ attitude towards online shopping The specific objectives are: To find out if there is any relationship between attitude and online shopping To determine if demographic profiles influence consumers’ attitude towards online shopping To examine if the perceived benefits (time, cost, conveniences & etc ) of online shopping influence consumers’ attitude towards online shopping

20. Research questions Research question: The research objectives being posed as questions Examples: In specific, the research questions are broken down into the following: Is there any relationship between consumers’ attitudes and online shopping intentions Is there any relationship between consumers’ demographic profiles and attitudes towards online shopping on Penang fruit pickles? Is there any relationship between perceived benefits (time, cost & etc ) and attitudes towards online shopping on Penang fruit pickles?

21. Research Hypothesis Hypothesis is a formal statement that presents the expected relationship between an independent and dependent variable.” (Creswell, 1994). Types of research hypothesis H0: Null hypothesis Statistic hypothesis No relationship hypothesis or No difference hypothesis Ha: Alternative hypothesis Research hypothesis

22. Criteria of Research Hypothesis Borg & Gall (1989) identified four criteria: Should explain expected relationships that exist between two or more variables, Researcher should have strong reasons based on concrete evidences or theories to formulate the hypothesis which is to be tested, Should be as short as possible but clear Should be testable

23. Example of Hypothesis H1: There is a significant relationship between attitude and online shopping. H2: There is positive significant relationship between the demographics profiles and the attitude towards online shopping. H3: There is positive significant relationship between the online shopping perceived benefits and the attitude towards online shopping. towards online shopping.

24. Scope and Limitation Content scope: describes the main aim of the study Geographical scope : actual place where the study will only be conducted Time scope: duration th at the study will be conduct ed.

25. Significance of the Study D iscusses the reasons in conducting the research I f you have few beneficiaries you can just write it in one or two paragraph (why is it important to conduct the study & all the beneficiaries and how they can benefit from the study) . This section will state the contribution of your study and the usefulness of your study in the society.

26. Significance of the Study The significance of the study will mainly focus on the question s: - “ Who will benefit from the study?”. - What new insights can be gained about the subject matter? - What is its use in public? -How can this advance the study of the subject?

27. Significance of the study can be divided into two:   Introductory statement Beneficiaries Methods of presenting beneficiaries a) Hierarchical : from the highest position to the lowest the institution, administrator, teacher, parents, students, researcher b ) According to importance Students, parents, teacher, administrator, institution Each beneficiary should contain a discussion or description of the specific benefits of the research to the beneficiary.

28. Definition of Terms K ey terms or phrases only used in the study Which is not the same as getting the definition from a dictionary. B rief but clear definitions The definition of terms must be arranged in alphabetically How to write the definition of terms Write a short introductory statement. This briefly states the content of the definition of terms Write the words or terms (TECHNICAL) you would like to include.

29. Example of definition of terms : For a better understanding of the study, the following terms are defined in the context of this research: The perceived benefits: is defined as an individual's belief that specific positive outcomes will result from a specific behavior. Online shopping behavior: encompasses the acts of browsing, comparing, evaluating, decision making and purchasing (Lim & Dubinsky, 2004). Attitude: mean psychological tendencies that are expressed by evaluating a particular entity with some degrees of favor or disfavor (Lim & Dubinsky, 2004).

30. Conceptual Framework A conceptual framework elaborates the research problem in relation to relevant literature. This section may summarize the major (dependent and independent) variables in your research. The framework may be summarized in a schematic diagram that presents the major variables and their hypothesized relationships. It should also cover the following: Existing research and its relevance for your topic Key ideas or constructs in your approach Identify and discuss the variables related to the problem. Conceptualized relationships between variables Independent variables (presumed cause) Dependent variables (presumed effect) Intervening variables (other variables that influence the effect of the independent variable)

31. Conceptual Framework Steps in creating a conceptual framework Study your topic Create a thesis statement Identify the concepts involved in the study Relate each concepts Generate the conceptual framework

32. Example: conceptual framework

33. Theoretical framework Presents and describes the theory which clarifies why the research problem of the study exists. A model that represents the theory which serves as the basis for the study. Steps in formulating a theoretical framework Step 1: identify the fundamental concepts of the structure Step 2: review theories related to your concepts Step 3: determine what theory fits your study Step 4: formulate theoretical firework based from theory

34. The End