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1. VIRAL DISEASES OF OSTRICH AND THEIR DIAGNOSIS SEMINAR-1 Shahid Nadeem PhD Microbiology 2 nd semester Supervisor. Dr Rizwan Aslam

2. INTRODUCTION Ostriches are large flightless running birds (ratites)present on the earth as a species for over 40 million years. (Linnaeus, 1758). Ostriches can successfully be reared in temperate environment of Pakistan. Therefore, ostrich farms of high production potential are now gaining ground in the country. (Ghulam Abbass,2018)

3. INTRODUCTION Although ostriches have natural resistance against most of the diseases But they are not outrange of probability of occurrence of diseases. In 2018 outbreak of Newcastle disease (ND) was reported around boarder areas in Punjab ,Pakistan due to negligence of health , hygiene and vaccine protocol. (Ghulam Abbass,2018)

4. NEWCASTLE DISEASE It is a viral disease of ostriches characterized by high morbidity and mortality. ND is caused by paramyxovirus (PMV) type 1.

5. NEWCASTLE DISEASE ND affects all ratites species (ostriches, rhea and emus) also affects all ages but young's are more susceptible than immature or adults. Infection with ND occur through ingestion or inhalation and transmit through direct and indirect contact.

6. General signs and increased mortalities. Respiratory signs (velogenic and mesogenic strains). Diarrhea (velogenic viscerotropic strains). Oedema of the head and neck. Clinical Signs

7. Clinical Signs Nervous signs: Shaking of the head (head tremors). Convulsion of the neck. Torticollis (un-controlled head movement). Complete neck paralysis.

8. Clinical Signs Neck laid on the ground (limp neck). Incoordination and paralysis. Frequent movement of the 3 rd eye lid 2. Death finally. 3. Drop in egg production (Egg pause syndrome) in breeders. (Samberg et al. 1989).

9. Postmortem lesions: Oedema of the head and neck. Enteritis. Peticheal haemorrhages on the serosal membranes. On the histopathological sections of the brain there were oedema, neural degeneration, and perivascular cuffing of the brain tissues. Newcastle disease

10. Lasota vaccine is given at the 2 weeks of age (eye drop or spray). Inactivated ND vaccine is given after 3-4 weeks from the 1 st vaccination (1ml/bird by injection). Repeat inactivated vaccine every 2 months at dose of 2ml/bird. ( Blignaut et al. 1998) VACCINATION

11. Diagnosis The serological testing of ostrich sera does not give such consistent results as in poultry. The Haemagglutination inhibition test (HI) test is regarded as unreliable, leading to both false positives and false negative results . Even heat treatment (56°C for 30 min) or absorption with kaolin does not remove all non-specific agglutinins.

12. Diagnosis However, pre-treatment adsorption with 25 µl packed chicken red blood cells or ideally, ostrich chick red blood cells, will improve the accuracy of the HI assay . The enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA) give 10 times more accurate results than HI . (wright, 1996).

13. Avian influenza Ostriches of all ages may be susceptible to influenza infection Acute viral respiratory disease causing high mortality in young ostriches and green discolouration of urine. Avian influenza (AI) is caused by Orthomyxovirus type A (subtype H7N1, H5 N2).

14. Avian influenza AI affects all ratites species (ostriches, rhea and emus) also affects all ages but young's are more susceptible than immature or adults. Infection with AI occur through ingestion or inhalation and transmit through direct and indirect contact. Manvell et al (1998).

15. Prevalence First outbreak of influenza (H7N1) in ostriches was reported in 1991 and 1992 in South Africa . H5N9 was reported in 1994 in SA H9N2 was reported in 1995 in SA H6N8 was reported in 1998 in South Africa H5N2 in Zimbabwe in 1995 However all these virus serotypes were not virulent for chickens Allwright (1996) and Manvell et al. (1996) (Capua et al., 2000).

16. Prevalence H9N2, H7N1, H5N2 and H5N9 in ostriches in South Africa and Denmark in 1996 H7N1 virus was also reported in ostriches in Italy in 2000. In Saudi Arabia, 14 separate outbreaks of H5N1 were prevailed in between 2003 to 2007.

17. Prevalence In one outbreak about 13,500 ostriches and about 4 million poultry were culled-off to control the disease. H5 strain that was found to be highly virulent to domestic chicken was not pathogenic to ostriches of two weeks of age as they did not show any clinical symptoms. Ostriches of all ages may be susceptible. ( SPA , 2007). Manvell et al. (1998)

18. General signs (depression and anorexia). Green discolouration of urine. Oedema and swelling of the head, neck, eye lid, and leg (hock). Blood tinged discharge from the nostrils. Haemorrhages on the feet and shank (leg haemorrhages ). Clinical Signs

19. Clinical Signs Nervous signs (incoordination and loss of ability to walk or stand). Respiratory signs (ocular discharge). Sudden death with high mortality rate. Drop in egg production and soft shell eggs in breeders. ( Allwright , 1996).

20. Avian influenza Serology: Virus can be detected using serological tests like HI, Agar Gel Immune-diffusion (AGID) and ELISA. Vaccination: Autogenous killed oil-based vaccine against influenza has been found to effective to induce better immunity. ( Allwright , 1996)

21. Ostrich pox is caused by avipox virus. Ostrich pox is a cutanous and mucosal viral infection affects the un-feathered parts and the mucosa of the upper digestive and re s p i ratory tract. Ostrich pox transmitted by mosquitoes through wounds. Cutanous form induces wart like nodules, blisters and crust lesions. POX VIRUS

22. POX VIRUS Mucous membrane form induces fibrinous plaques and pseudomembranes on the buccal cavity, pharynx, larynx which may cause respiratory signs , suffocation and death. Prevention by eradication of mosquitoes and vaccination with commercial fowl pox vaccine by wing web method at age of10-14 days of age. (Perelman et al., 1989).

23. Infectious bursal disease (IBD) Ostriches may be susceptible to infection with Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV; an RNA virus) but are resistant to its clinical manifestations Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) caused by IBDV of family Birnaviridae , genus Avibirna virus. Avibirna virus was detected in ostriches in USA where it caused high mortality (Tully and Shane, 1996).

24. Infectious bursal disease (IBD) Birnavirus -like pathogens were also isolated in affected ostriches flocks in USA and UK Serotype 1 virus was isolated from two 8- week-old ostrich chick that had lymphocyte depletion in the bursa of Fabricius (Lombardo et al., 2000).

25. Infectious bursal disease (IBD) affect ostrich chicks at 1-4 weeks of age. The signs are depression, anorexia, diarrhea, sternal recombancy, muscular tremors and abnormal head movement. The lesions are atrophy of the bursa, enteritis and pulmonary congestion. Infectious bursal disease (IBD)

26. Infectious bursal disease (IBD) Prevention through biosecurity and vaccination. Eggs should be sterilised by washing with virucidal disinfectant to prevent faecal contamination with NDV or other unknown viruses, and this should also inactivate any possible birnaviruses . Serological screening with the AGID test.

27. Ostriches are reported to be naturally infected with Borna . Causative agent of Borna disease is a single-stranded RNA virus of the family Rhabdoviridae . It is a viral disease affecting ostriches at 2- 8 weeks of ages causing high mortality. The disease transmit by mosquitoes. BORNA DISEASE

28. BORNA DISEASE The infection is characterized by paresis and inability to move and finally paralysis. There were no specific lesions. Laboratory diagnosis is by virus isolation, the demonstration of viral protein by ELISA . ( Richt et al., 1992)

29. ADENOVIRUS The causative agent is a DNA virus Aviadenovirus . Adenoviruses have been implicated as the cause of wasting disease in ostriches at two months of age. Laboratory diagnosis is based on virus isolation (host specific cell lines), immunofluorescence, haematoxylin and eosin staining and virus neutralisation tests Allwright (1996)

30. FUTURE WORK AND RECOMMENDATIONS Ostrich production can open new vistas for the development of healthy beef industry in Pakistan. It is a new value added emergent in live stock production therefore there is paucity of information regarding the pathogenicity of this species. Substantial scientific knowledge in most cases of ostrich diseases is shortened especially the details on technical part of diagnostic/screening tests is completely absent. Therefore, deep scientific research is needed regarding the welfare, immunology and health of ostriches in Pakistan

31. References Allwright , D. 1996. Viruses encountered in intensively reared ostriches in southern Africa. Proceedings of Improving our Understanding of Ratites in a Farming Environment (pp. 27–33). Oxford, UK. Lombardo, E., A. Maraver , I. Espinosa, A. Fernandez-Arias, and J. Rodriguez. VP5, the nonstructural polypeptide of infectious bursal disease virus, accumulates within the host plasma membrane and induces cell lysis. Virology 277:345-357. 2000. Richt JA, VandeWoude S, Zink MC, Clements JE, Herzog S, Stit z L, Infection with Borna disease virus: molecular and immunobiological characterization of the agent. Clin Infect Dis. 1992; 14: 1240–50. Samberg V., Hadash D.V., Perelman B. & Meroz M. (1989). Anon. 1994. Influenza in ostriches a cause for concern. Agric. News, 3 , 3. Samberg Y, Hadash DU, Perelman B, Meroz M (1989) Newcastle disease in ostriches ( Struthiocamelus ): field case and experimental infection. Avian Pathology 18:221–226 Tully T.N. & Shane S.M. 1996. Ratite management, medicine and surgery. Krieger, Malabar, Florida, 188 pp. Verwoerd, D.J., Gerdes, G.H., Olivier, A. & Williams, R. (1997). Experimental infection of vaccinated slaughter ostriches with virulent Newcastle disease virus. Onderstepoort Journal of Veteri - nary Research, 64, 213–2. Abbass,G.A , W.Abbass,H.Saeed,F.Hussain,M.Riaz (2018).Health and Hygiene guidelines for Ostriches.International Journal of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences.

32. THANKS FOR PATIENCE