Short Technical Overview - GLEE Mission Participants

LunaSats, configured by students from around the globe, shall land on the moon to conduct distributed science and technology missions while engaging the world's next generation of space explorers in local lunar science. nspired by NASA's Apollo Moon landings over 50 years ago, the Great Lunar Expedition for Everyone (GLEE) will be a catalyst for a new generation of space missions and explorers.

This scientific and technological mission to the Moon will deploy hundreds LunaSats to the lunar surface to conduct local and distributed science missions.

LunaSats are tiny spacecraft with an integrated sensor suite that will be programmed by teams of students all over the world for a mission of their own design. These teams will be mentored by GLEE program staff through the programming, test, launch, and data gathering process. GLEE will be free to all teams that are selected for participation. From hands-on activities to a global citizen science network, GLEE is the next step to inspire and engage the world in a truly global mission to the Moon.

1. 1 Great Lunar Expedition for Everyone

2. Introduction to the LunaSat 2

3. About the LunaSat Dimensions 61 x 61 x 2mm Mass 5 g Power Supply Solar Panels Operating Temperature Range on the Moon -30°C to 80°C Operational Duration on the Moon 56 earth days LunaSat V5.WR

4. Fundamental Principles behind the LunaSat 4 Easy to use Low cost Durable Small form factor Valuable scientific observations Able to transmit data

5. Main Components Atmega328 Microcontroller Sensors Temperature sensor Magnetometer Accelerometer Thermopile Capacitive sensors Power Solar Cells Power Management Integrated Circuit (PMIC) RF Transceiver / Receiver Antenna Other Components Headers Indicator LEDs The LunaSat Components Overview

6. Identifying Components 6

7. The Microcontroller 7 ATMEGA328 The brain of the LunaSat Same microcontroller as Arduino Mini Clock Frequency: 16 MHz Communicate with the ATMEGA328 via FTDI ATMEGA328 communicates with the sensors ATMEGA328 communicates with lander via RF system ATMEGA328 (Microchip)

8. The Sensors 8 Temperature Sensor (TMP117) Measures and indicates LunaSat temperature Magnetometer (MLX90395) Measures magnetic field Accelerometer (MPU6050) Measures acceleration Capacitive Sensor (CAP11NA) Detect and measures the dielectric constant of the lunar regolith Thermopile (TPIS 1385) Measures temperature at a distance

9. The Analog Vs Digital Sensors 9 Analog vs. Digital Sensors: Analog sensors output a continuous value, meaning there are an infinite number of values it could output Digital sensors have a limited number of possible outputs, discretizing their results Analog Sensors on the LunaSat Capacitive Sensor (CAP11NA) Digital Sensors on the LunaSat Temperature (TMP117) Magnetometer (MLX90395) Accelerometer (MPU6050) Thermopile (TPiS 1385)

10. Power System 10 Solar Panel IXOLARTM SolarMD Sunlight activates the panel Cell produces electrical current Power Management AEM-10941 Receives unregulated voltage from the solar panel and outputs two regulated voltages 1.8V and 3.3V PMIC on the LunaSat (e-peas)

11. RF 11 SX1272 transceiver Long range low power communications Ultra-long range spread spectrum (915, 920 and 868 MHz) High interference immunity Antenna PCB Helical Antenna The same antenna is used for both transmitting and receiving LoRa (“Long Range”) Using the LoRa modulation for sending data packets SPI Protocol SX1272 uses SPI protocol to communicate with the microcontroller RF Circuitry on the right and the PCB helical antenna on the left

12. Other Components 12 Resistors Current regulation Capacitors Energy storage Reducing noise Impedance matching for antenna Inductors Tuning the antenna Voltage regulation LEDs Testing functionality of components Headers Connections to board Example of a line of resistors on a prototype version of the LunaSat

13. Summary 13 The LunaSat has various components, each having very specific function on the board The primary systems are the Microcontroller, the Power system, the sensors, and RF

14. Functional Block Diagram 14

15. Functional Block Diagram (FBD) 15 FBDs are often used to visualize systems FBDs are great for showing how different parts of a system are connected and function On this module we will go over FBD for different systems on the LunaSat

16. How to Read the FBD 16 Lines are connections between components Lines can be power or data lines Power lines are what are used to get power to the microcontroller and sensors Data lines are how the sensors talk to the microcontroller Most FBDs are color coordinated: Green: Power Blue: Digital sensors Orange: Analog sensors Purple: Microcontroller Teal: RF Yellow: Bootloading

17. FBD for the LunaSat 17 Data Line Power Line

18. FBD for the LunaSat 18

19. FBD for the Magnetometer Sensor 19 Power is handled by the Power Management Integrated Circuit (PMIC) All components take 3.3V Different components use different communication protocols to talk to the microcontroller The digital sensors use I²C, the analog sensors send raw data, the RF and Boot-loading interface use SPI, and the FTDI uses serial communication via UART

20. LunaSat Example: Collecting Temperature Sensor Data 20 Program the ATMega (microcontroller) to collect temperature readings from the temp sensor Power from solar panels will flow through the PMIC PMIC will output 3.3v to our processor and to the temperature sensor The temperature sensor sends raw data values to the microcontroller through the data line (I 2 C protocols) The microcontroller then decodes the raw data (Red highlight is temperature sensor)

21. FBD for RF using Temperature Sensor Data 21

22. Why Use a LunaSat? 22

23. Why is it important to send LunaSats to the Moon? 23 Technology demonstration Develop next generation space exploration methods making use of accessible technology Scientific discovery Inform our understanding of the moon, universe and supports our ability to explore further STEM engagement Engage and inspire the Artemis generation The dispersed and redundant nature of observations will help scientific communities to better design lunar landers, spacecraft, and other research and exploration devices

24. Why Send a LunaSat to the Moon: Tech Demo 24 Miniaturization of electronics has enabled various sensing platforms Single board computers using low cost microcontrollers & radio transceivers have been deployed in distributed sensing networks in orbit GLEE will be one of the first demonstrations of this strategy for lunar exploration The ChipSat (out of Cornell University) has a similar form factor to carry out experiments in low Earth orbit Data that the LunaSats collect and return to Earth will be available for anyone to access and analyze internationally Scientists & space enthusiasts to accelerate collaborative discovery

25. Why Send a LunaSat to the Moon: Science Planetary Science and Spaceflight Science Planetary science: Investigations into the Lunar environment and regolith Spaceflight science: Investigations of how the LunaSat performs on the Lunar surface LunaSats can be incorporated into the Artemis mission Demonstrates environmental monitoring capabilities which increase assurance of crew safety & provide valuable observations for planetary science Conducting surveys of frequency & amplitude of micrometeorite impacts over particular areas Actively monitoring for micrometeorite events during manned missions, a network of LunaSats can help keep astronauts safe Planetary science is being able to correlate radiation dosage over time with magnetic field strength across lunar swirls

26. LunaSat Measurements Overview 26 Measuring variables... Temperature of Lunar surface Temperature of the LunaSat Magnetic field strength Acceleration Capacitance of regolith All of these may be used to develop your own unique mission!

27. Summary 27 Sending a LunaSat to the Moon will provide more information on the Moon, make planetary science accessible to citizen scientists, students, and enthusiasts as well as demonstrating the effectiveness of a new method of science data collection