SHS-rjppt-minerals.pdf msmsmsmsmsmsmsmsm

All about minerals the origin of rockss

3. Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to;
a. ) identify the origin and environment of minerals
and rocks;
b.) explain the Earth’s processes, common minerals
and rocks were formed;
c. ) cite examples of minerals in types of rock; and
d. ) understand the purpose of the minerals in the
environment

4. •Minerals: The Building Blocks of Rocks
•Minerals are naturally occurring, inorganic solids
with a specific chemical composition and a defined
crystal structure. They form under specific
conditions of pressure, temperature, and chemical
composition, and their origin and environment of
formation are closely tied to geological processes.
What is mineral?

5. What are the types of rocks?
•Igneous-Intrusive and extrusive
•Sedimentary –Clastic, chemical and organic
•Metamorphic –Contract (Thermal) and
Regional (Pressure)

6. How common minerals are formed?
•Common minerals are formed through a variety of natural
processes that occur within the Earth’s crust and on its
surface. These processes involve the interplay of temperature,
pressure, chemical composition, and time. Here’s a
breakdown of the most common ways minerals form:
•1. Crystallization from Molten Rock (Magma or Lava)
•2. Precipitation from Aqueous Solutions
•3. Metamorphism
•4. Biological process (in organic sedimentary rock part)

7. Igneous rock
•Igneous Minerals: These minerals crystallize directly from
molten rock material, either magma (underground) or lava
(aboveground).
•Slow Cooling: Slow cooling allows for the formation of
larger crystals, as seen in intrusive igneous rocks like
granite. Minerals like quartz, feldspar, mica, pyroxene, and
amphibole are commonly found in these rocks.
•Intrusive: Minerals formed from slowly cooling magma deep
within the Earth’s crust, resulting in larger crystals.
(Examples are in the next slide and it’s meaning)

8. Igneous rock (Quartz)
•Quartz is our most common mineral.
Quartz is made of the two most
abundant chemical elements on Earth:
oxygen and silicon. Atoms of oxygen
and silicon join together as
tetrahedrons.

9. •Feldspars are aluminosilicate
minerals containing varying
amounts of potassium, sodium and
calcium.
Igneous rock (Feldspar)

10. Igneous rock (Mica)
•Mica are a group
ofsilicatemineralswhose
outstanding physical
characteristic is that individual
micacrystalscan easily be split
into extremely thin elastic
plates.

11. Igneous rock (Pyroxene)
•Pyroxenes are the most significant
and abundant group of rock-forming
ferromagnesian silicates. They are
found in almost every variety of
igneous rock.

12. Igneous rock (Amphibole)
•Amphiboles are a major group of
hydrous minerals that occur in a
wide range of rock types.

13. Igneous Rocks
•Extrusive: Minerals formed from rapidly cooling lava
on the Earth’s surface, leading to smaller crystals.
Examples include olivine and feldspar.
•Rapid Cooling: Rapid cooling results in smaller
crystals, as seen in extrusive igneous rocks like
basalt. Minerals like olivine and feldspar are
common in these rocks.
•Olivines are an important rock-forming mineral
group. Magnesium-rich olivines are abundant in low-
silica mafic and ultramafic igneous rocks and are
believed to be the most abundant constituent of the
Earth’s upper mantle.

14. How sedimentary rock formed and its origin?
1.Sedimentary Rocks: Formed from the accumulation,
compaction, and cementation of sediments, which are
fragments of pre-existing rocks, minerals, or organic
matter.
2. Clastic: Sedimentary rocks formed from fragments of
other rocks, such as conglomerate (pebbles and gravels
cemented together), sandstone (grains of quartz), and
shale (layers of mud, fine sand, and organic matter) .

15. How sedimentary rock formed and its origin?
3. Chemical: Sedimentary rocks formed through
precipitation of dissolved minerals from water, such as
limestone (calcium carbonate from marine organisms) .
4. Organic: Sedimentary rocks formed from the
accumulation and compaction of organic matter, such
as coal (formed from compressed plant remains) .

16. Sedimentary Rock
•Sedimentary Minerals: These minerals form
through various processes, including:
•Weathering and Erosion: The breakdown of
existing rocks into smaller fragments,
transported and deposited in basins.
•Chemical Precipitation: Dissolved minerals in
water crystallize out as the water evaporates or
reacts with other substances.
•Biological Processes: Organisms, such as shells
and skeletons, accumulate and form mineral
deposits.

17. Sedimentary Rock
Example minerals: Quartz,
Feldspar, Clay minerals,
Calcite, Dolomite, Gypsum,
Halite and Chert.

18. •Clay minerals are composed
essentially of silica, alumina or
magnesia or both, and water, but
iron substitutes for aluminum and
magnesium in varying degree.
Sedimentary Rock (Clay Minerals )

19. •Calcite is a carbonate mineral and the
most stable polymorph of calcium
carbonate (CaCO3). It is a very
common mineral, particularly as a
component of limestone.
Sedimentary Rock (Calcite )

20. •Dolomite is a mineral that is
similar to calcite, but it also
contains magnesium.
Sedimentary Rock (Dolomite )

21. •Gypsum is a common
evaporite mineral that is
formed by the evaporation of
water.
Sedimentary Rock (Gypsum )

22. •Commonly known as rock salt,
is a type of salt, the mineral
(natural) form of sodium
chloride (NaCl). Halite forms
isometric crystals.
Sedimentary Rock (Halite )

23. •Is a hard, fine-grained sedimentary
rock composed of microcrystalline or
cryptocrystalline quartz, the mineral
form of silicon dioxide.
Sedimentary Rock (Chert )

24. How metamorphic rock formed and its origin?
•- Metamorphic Rocks: Formed when existing igneous,
sedimentary, or even other metamorphic rocks are subjected
to intense heat and pressure deep within the Earth’s crust.
•- Contact (Thermal) Metamorphism: Occurs when rocks are
heated by nearby igneous intrusions, producing non-foliated
metamorphic rocks. Examples include marble (formed from
limestone) and quartzite (formed from sandstone).
•- Regional (Pressure) Metamorphism: Occurs over large areas
due to mountain formation, resulting in foliated metamorphic
rocks. Examples include slate (formed from shale), serpentine
(formed from basalt), and gneiss (formed from conglomerate) .

25. Thermal (Marble and Quartzite)
•Marble is a rock resulting from
metamorphism of sedimentary carbonate
rocks, most commonly limestone or
dolomite.
•Quartzite is a hard, non-foliated
metamorphic rock which was originally
pure quartz sandstone.

26. Pressure (Slate and Gneiss)
•Slate is a fine-grained, foliated, homogeneous,
metamorphic rock derived from an original
shale-type sedimentary rock.
• Gneiss is a common and widely distributed
type of metamorphic rock.

27. The environment (Philippines)

29. Metamorphic rocks and it’s minerals

41. THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING!