Sinusoidal Alternating Waveforms Alternating waveforms

Sinusoidal Alternating Waveforms

1. Sinusoidal Alternating Waveforms Imam Ja'afar Al-Sadiq University Computer Technical Engineering First Class Asst. Lec . Sadiq M.B Fakhruldeen

2. OBJECTIVES Become familiar with the characteristics of a sinusoidal waveform and general format . Be able to determine the phase relationship between two sinusoidal waveforms of the same frequency . Understand how to calculate the average and effective values of any waveform .

3. INTRODUCTION FIG. 13.1 Alternating waveforms. Alternating waveforms The term alternating indicates only that the waveform alternates between two prescribed levels in a set time sequence.

4. SINUSOIDAL ac VOLTAGE CHARACTERISTICS AND DEFINITIONS Generation FIG. 13.2 Various sources of ac power: (a) generating plant; (b) portable ac generator; (c) wind-power station; (d) solar panel; (e) function generator

5. SINUSOIDAL ac VOLTAGE CHARACTERISTICS AND DEFINITIONS FIG. 13.3 Important parameters for a sinusoidal voltage. Instantaneous value, Peak amplitude Peak-to-peak value, Periodic waveform Period ( T ), Cycle, Frequency

6. FREQUENCY SPECTRUM FIG. 13.8 Areas of application for specific frequency bands.

7. Defined Polarities and Direction FIG. 13.11 (a) Sinusoidal ac voltage sources; (b) sinusoidal current sources.

8. THE SINUSOIDAL WAVEFORM FIG. 13.14 There are 2 π radians in one full circle of 360°.

9. THE SINUSOIDAL WAVEFORM FIG. 13.15 Plotting a sine wave versus (a) degrees and (b) radians.

10. THE SINUSOIDAL WAVEFORM FIG. 13.17 Demonstrating the effect of ψ on the frequency and period.

11. GENERAL FORMAT FOR THE SINUSOIDAL VOLTAGE OR CURRENT FIG. 13.18 Basic sinusoidal function. i = I m sin  t = I m sin  e = E m sin  t = E m sin 

12. PHASE RELATIONS FIG. 13.28 Defining the phase shift for a sinusoidal function that crosses the horizontal axis with a positive slope after 0°. FIG. 13.29 Phase relationship between a sine wave and a cosine wave.

13. AVERAGE VALUE FIG. 13.40 Defining average value.

14. AVERAGE VALUE FIG. 13.41 Effect of distance (length) on average value. FIG. 13.42 Effect of depressions (negative excursions) on average value.

15. AVERAGE VALUE FIG. 13.44 Example 13.14.

16. EFFECTIVE (rms) VALUES FIG. 13.59 An experimental setup to establish a relationship between dc and ac quantities.

17. EFFECTIVE (rms) VALUES The equivalent dc value of a sinusoidal current or voltage is 0.707 of its peak value.

18. EFFECTIVE (rms) VALUES FIG. 13.61 Example 13.21.

19. EFFECTIVE (rms) VALUES FIG. 13.62 Example 13.22. FIG. 13.63 The squared waveform of Fig. 13.62.