Skeletal system lab

1. SKELETAL SYSTEM
The Skeletal System
from
Various Authors

2. Dense Regular Connective Tissue
e.g. TENDON & LIGAMENTS- large amounts of collagen

3. Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
e.g. DERMIS & CAPSULES of organs

7. Fibrocartilage

8. Fibrocartilage

9. Fibrocartilage

11. Elastic Cartilage

13. Bone Cells

17. 17
Cranium
Frontal (1)
• forehead
• roof of nasal cavity
• roofs of orbits
• frontal sinuses
• supraorbital foramen
• coronal suture

18. 18
Cranium
Parietal (2)
• side walls of cranium
• roof of cranium
• sagittal suture

19. 19
Cranium
Occipital (1)
• back of skull
• base of cranium
• foramen magnum
• occipital condyles
• lambdoid suture

20. 20
Cranium
Temporal (2)
• side walls of cranium
• floor of cranium
• floors and sides of orbits
• squamous suture
• external acoustic meatus
• mandibular fossa
• mastoid process
• styloid process
• zygomatic process

21. 21
Cranium
Sphenoid (1)
• base of cranium
• sides of skull
• floors and sides of orbits
• sella turcica
• sphenoidal sinuses

22. 22
Cranium
Ethmoid (1)
• roof and walls of nasal cavity
• floor of cranium
• wall of orbits
• cribiform plates
• perpendicular plate
• superior and middle nasal conchae
• ethmoidal sinuses
• crista galli

23. 23
Facial Skeleton
Maxillary (2)
• upper jaw
• anterior roof of mouth
• floors of orbits
• sides of nasal cavity
• floors of nasal cavity
• alveolar processes
• maxillary sinuses
• palatine process

24. 24
Facial Skeleton

25. 25
Facial Skeleton
Palatine (2)
• L shaped bones located
behind the maxillae
• posterior section of hard
palate
• floor of nasal cavity
• lateral walls of nasal cavity

26. 26
Facial Skeleton
Zygomatic (2)
• prominences of cheeks
• lateral walls of orbits
• floors of orbits
• temporal process

27. 27
Facial Skeleton
Lacrimal (2)
• medial walls of orbits
• groove from orbit to nasal
cavity
Nasal (2)
• bridge of nose

28. 28
Facial Skeleton
Vomer (1)
• inferior portion of nasal
septum

29. 29
Facial Skeleton
Inferior Nasal Conchae (2)
• extend from lateral walls of
nasal cavity

30. 30
Facial Skeleton
Mandible (1)
• lower jaw
• body
• ramus
• mandibular condyle
• coronoid process
• alveolar process
• mandibular foramen
• mental foramen

31. 31
Infantile Skull
Fontanels – fibrous membranes

32. 5. What are the major features of a bone? (anatomy)
6. Describe the main features of the skull as seen
from the lateral, frontal, internal, and inferior
views.(axial skeleton)
7. What is the importance of the vertebral column?
(axial skeleton)
a. What are the functions of the vertebral column?
b. What are its 4 major curvatures?
c. Why are there regional differences in the
vertebrae?

33. 33
Skeletal Organization

34. 5. What are the major features of a bone? (anatomy)
6. Describe the main features of the skull as seen
from the lateral, frontal, internal, and inferior
views.(axial skeleton)
7. What is the importance of the vertebral column?
(axial skeleton)
a. What are the functions of the vertebral column?
b. What are its 4 major curvatures?
c. Why are there regional differences in the
vertebrae?

35. WHAT ARE FUNCTIONS OF THE
VERTEBRAL COLUMN?
•Supports-
– the weight of the head and the trunk;
•Protects-
–the spinal cord;
•For exit of -
–spinal nerves from the spinal cord;
•Site for-
–Muscle attachment;
•Allows movement of-
–Head and trunk;

36. 36
Vertebral Column
• cervical vertebrae (7)
• thoracic vertebrae (12)
• lumbar vertebrae (5)
• sacrum
• coccyx

37. WHAT ARE THE 4 MAJOR
CURVATURES OF THE
VERTEBRAL COLUMN?
•Cervical region
–Anterior curvature
•Thoracic region
–Posterior curvature (abnormal post. curvature-kyphosis;
abnormal lateral curvature-scoliosis)
•Lumbar region
–Anterior curvature (abnormal ant.curvature-lordosis;
abnormal lateral curvature-scoliosis )
•Sacral & coccygeal regions
–Posterior curvature

38. 38
Vertebral Column
• cervical curvature
• thoracic curvature
• lumbar curvature
• sacral curvature
• rib facets
• vertebra prominens
• intervertebral discs
• intervertebral foramina

39. 39
Cervical Vertebrae
• Atlas – 1
st
; supports head
• Axis – 2
nd
; dens pivots to
turn head
• transverse foramina
• bifid spinous processes
• vertebral prominens – useful
landmark

40. 40
Thoracic Vertebrae
• long spinous processes
• rib facets

41. 41
Lumbar Vertebrae
• large bodies
• thick, short spinous
processes

42. 42
Sacrum
• five fused vertebrae
• median sacral crest
• posterior sacral
foramina
• posterior wall of
pelvic cavity
• sacral promontory

43. 43
Coccyx
• tailbone
• four fused vertebrae

44. 8. What is the thoracic cage? Why is it important?
What makes up the thoracic cage? (axial skeleton)
9. What are the bones of the pectoral girdle and the
upper limb? Why are these important?
(appendicular skeleton)
10.What are the bones of the pelvic girdle and the
lower limb? (appendicular skeleton)

45. 45
Thoracic Cage
• Ribs
• Sternum
• Thoracic vertebrae
• Costal cartilages
• Supports shoulder girdle
and upper limbs
• Protects viscera
• Role in breathing

46. 46
Ribs
• True ribs (7)
• False ribs (5)
• floating (2)

47. 47
Rib Structure
• Shaft
• Head – posterior end;
articulates with vertebrae
• Tubercle – articulates with
vertebrae
• Costal cartilage – hyaline
cartilage

48. 48
Sternum
• Manubrium
• Body
• Xiphoid process

49. 49
Pectoral Girdle
• shoulder girdle
• clavicles
• scapulae
• supports upper limbs

50. 50
Clavicles
• articulate with manubrium
• articulate with scapulae
(acromion process)

51. 51
Scapulae
• spine
• supraspinous fossa
• infraspinous fossa
• acromion process
• coracoid process
• glenoid cavity

52. 52
Upper Limb
• Humerus
• Radius
• Ulna
• Carpals
• Metacarpals
• Phalanges

53. 53
Humerus
• head
• greater tubercle
• lesser tubercle
• anatomical neck
• surgical neck
• deltoid tuberosity
• capitulum
• trochlea
• coronoid fossa
• olecranon fossa

54. 54
Radius
• lateral forearm bone
• head
• radial tuberosity
• styloid process

55. 55
Ulna
• medial forearm bone
• trochlear notch
• olecranon process
• coronoid process
• styloid process

56. 56
Wrist and Hand
• Carpals (16)
• trapezium
• trapezoid
• capitate
• scaphoid
• pisiform
• triquetrum
• hamate
• lunate
• Metacarpals (10)
• Phalanges (28)
• proximal phalanx
• middle phalanx
• distal phalanx

57. 57
Pelvic Girdle
• Coxae (2)
• supports trunk of body
• protects viscera

58. 58
Coxae
• hip bones
•acetabulum
• ilium
• iliac crest
• iliac spines
• greater sciatic notch
• ischium
• ischial spines
• lesser sciatic notch
• ischial tuberosity
• pubis
• obturator foramen
• symphysis pubis
• pubic arch

59. 59
Greater and Lesser Pelves
Greater Pelvis
• lumbar vertebrae
posteriorly
• iliac bones laterally
• abdominal wall
anteriorly
Lesser Pelvis
• sacrum and coccyx
posteriorly
• lower ilium, ischium, and
pubis bones laterally and
anteriorly

60. 60
Male and Female Pelves
Female
• iliac bones more flared
• broader hips
• pubic arch angle greater
• more distance between ischial
spines and ischial tuberosities
• sacral curvature shorter and
flatter
• lighter bones

61. 61
Lower Limb
• Femur
• Patella
• Tibia
• Fibula
• Tarsals
• Metatarsals
• Phalanges

62. 62
Femur
• longest bone of body
• head
• fovea capitis
• neck
• greater trochanter
• lesser trochanter
• linea aspera
• condyles
• epicondyles

63. 63
Patella
• kneecap
• anterior surface of knee
• flat sesamoid bone located
in a tendon

64. 64
Tibia
• shin bone
• medial to fibula
• condyles
• tibial tuberosity
• anterior crest
• medial malleolus

65. 65
Fibula
• lateral to tibia
• long, slender
• head
• lateral malleolus
• does not bear any
body weight

66. 66
Ankle and Foot
• Tarsals (14)
• calcaneus
• talus
• navicular
• cuboid
• lateral cuneiform
• intermediate cuneiform
• medial cuneiform
• Metatarsals (10)
• Phalanges (28)
• proximal
• middle
• distal

67. 67
Ankle and Foot

68. 68
Life-Span Changes
• decrease in height at about age 30
• calcium levels fall
• bones become brittle
• osteoclasts outnumber osteoblasts
• spongy bone weakens before compact bone
• bone loss rapid in menopausal women
• hip fractures common
• vertebral compression fractures common

69. 69
Clinical Application
Types of Fractures
• green stick
• fissured
• comminuted
• transverse
• oblique
• spiral

70. Human Anatomy and Physiology I
Unit 4 Part A: The Skeletal System
Oklahoma City Community College

71. The Bones of the
Human Skeleton
and Cranium

72. Bones of the
Cranium

73. Frontal View

74. Frontal
Frontal View

75. Parietal
Frontal View

76. Temporal
Frontal View

77. Nasal
Frontal View

78. Vomer
Frontal View

79. Zygoma
Frontal View

80. Maxilla
Frontal View

81. Mandible
Frontal View

82. Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Zygoma
Nasal
Vomer
Maxilla
Mandible
Frontal View

83. Bones of the Orbit
Nasal

84. Sphenoid
Bones of the Orbit

85. Ethmoid
Bones of the Orbit

86. Lacrimal
Bones of the Orbit

87. Lacrimal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Bones of the Orbit
Nasal

88. Lateral View

89. Frontal
Lateral View

90. Parietal
Lateral View

91. Temporal
Lateral View

92. Nasal
Lateral View

93. Zygoma
Lateral View

94. Maxilla
Lateral View

95. Mandible
Lateral View

96. Sphenoid
Lateral View

97. Occipital
Lateral View

98. Mastoid Process
Lateral View

99. External Auditory Meatus
Lateral View

100. Frontal
Nasal
Zygoma
Maxilla
Mandible
Parietal
Sphenoid
Temporal
Occipital
External Auditory Meatus
Mastoid Process
Lateral View

101. Superior View

102. Frontal
Superior View

103. Parietal
Superior View

104. Temporal
Superior View

105. Vomer
Superior View

106. Sphenoid
Superior View

107. Occipital
Superior View

108. Foramen
Magnum
Superior View

109. Vomer
Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal
Foramen
Magnum
Sphenoid
Superior View

110. Inferior View

111. Inferior View

112. Inferior View

113. Inferior View

114. Inferior View

115. Occipital Bone
Inferior View

116. Inferior View

117. Inferior View

118. Inferior View

119. Inferior View

120. Occipital Bone
Inferior View

121. Sutures

122. Sagittal
Sutures

123. Frontal
(Coronal)
Sutures

124. Squamous
Sutures

125. Lambdoid
Sutures

126. Frontal
(Coronal)
Sagittal
Squamous
Lambdoid
Sutures

127. Bones of the
Skeleton

129. Clavicle

130. Scapula

131. Costals (Ribs)

132. Sternum

133. Vertebra

134. Humerus

135. Ulna

136. Radius

137. Sternum
Clavicle
Scapula
Costals (Ribs)
Humerus
Vertebra
Ulna
Radius

138. Bones of the Hand

139. Carpals
Bones of the Hand

140. Metacarpels
Carpals
Bones of the Hand

141. Phalanges
Metacarpals
Carpals
Bones of the Hand

142. 8. What is the thoracic cage? Why is it important?
What makes up the thoracic cage? (axial skeleton)
9. What are the bones of the pectoral girdle and the
upper limb? Why are these important?
(appendicular skeleton)
10.What are the bones of the pelvic girdle and the
lower limb? (appendicular skeleton)

144. Sacrum

145. Ilium

146. Ischium

147. Pubis

148. Femur

149. Patella

150. Tibia

151. Fibula

152. Ilium
Ischium
Femur
Fibula
Sacrum
Pubis
Patella
Tibia

153. Bones of the Foot

154. Bones of the Foot
Tarsals

155. Bones of the Foot
Metatarsals
Tarsals

156. Bones of the Foot
Phalanges
Metatarsals
Tarsals