skin for health science .ppt do good good is face you

skin health

1. Lecture two
Assessment of Skin, Hair and Nails

2. Integument structures
Skin
Nails
Hair
Scalp
2

3. Structure of the Integument
The skin is the largest organ of the body comprising 15 percent of total
body weight.
Layers of the skin
A. Epidermis B. Dermis C. Subcutaneous tissue
Epidermal appendages
Hair
Nails
Glands: two types of skin glands:
1. Sweat Gland
Eccrine sweat glands: are widely distributed and open directly onto the
skin surface
Apocrine sweat glands: open into hair follicle in axillary and genital areas
2. Sebaceous glands: Produce sebum(oily secretion)

4. 4

5. Functions of skin and epidermal appendages
Barrier to water and electrolyte loss
Regulation of body heat
Sensory organ for touch, temperature, and Pain
Production of protective skin film by eccrine and sebaceous
glands
Participation in production of vitamin
Wound repair
5

6. Assessing the Integument
1. Subjective data (ask patient about the followings)
Skin infection, rashes, lesions, itching.
Precipitating factors:
Changes in skin color, lesions
Amount of sun exposure
Scalp lesions, itching, and infections.
Changes in texture and amount of hair.
Changes in nails and cuticles nail breaking
Changes in mole size, shape or color
6

7. 2. History of current symptom
Are you having experience of skin problem, such as rashes, lesion
moles
Have you had any hair loss or change in the condition of your hair?
Have you had any change in the condition or appearance of your
nails?
Have you ever had any allergic skin reaction to food, medication,
plants?
Has anyone in your family had a recent illness, rash, or other skin
problem? (Family history)

8. 3. Physical Assessment
Equipment
Penlight Tongue depressor Centimeter rule Gloves
Magnifying glass Flashlight Wood’s lamp
Technique to examination of skin
1) Inspection 2)Palpation
Inspections of skin
Color Moisture Temperature Thickness
Turgor Vascular changes Edema Lesions
Skin odors are usually noted in the skin fold.
8

9. Inspection color of skin
Skin color varies from body part to body part and from person to
person.
Assessment first involves area of skin not exposed to the sun e.g.
palms of the hands.
Pallor easily perceived in the buccal “mouth” mucosa particularly in
individuals with dark skin.
Cyanosis readily seen in area of least pigmentation e.g. lips, nail beds
conjunctiva and palm.
Jaundice or Yellow seen in client’s sclera.
Erythema may indicate circulatory changes
9

10. Palpation of moisture of skin
Skin is normally smooth and dry.
Skin folds e.g. axillae are normally moist.
In presence of lesions or ooze fluid, nurse must wear gloves to
prevent exposure to infections drainage
Moisture indicates:
Degree of client’s hydration
10

11. Palpation of Temperature
Temperature of skin depends on the amount of blood circulating
through dermis.
Generalized warmth: (Fever, Hyperthyroidism)
Local warmth: (Inflammation)
Coolness: (Hypothyroidism, Frost bite, Hypothermia, Shock, Low
cardiac output)
Palpation of skin with dorsum of the hand.
Assessment of skin is critical point in some conditions such as: after
cast application, or after vascular surgery.
11

12. Palpation of Texture
Texture of skin normally smooth, soft and flexible
If any abnormalities in texture found you must ask the client is he
exposed to any recent injury to the skin?
Nurse determines whether the client’s skin is smooth or rough, thin
or thick, tight or supple (flexible).
Very Soft: (Thyrotoxicosis)
Tight: (Scleroderma = hard skin)
Rough: (Hypothyroidism)
12

13. Palpation of Turgor
Turgor: is the skin elasticity
diminished by edema or
dehydration.
Assessment of turgor done by
pinching skin between the
thumb and forefinger and
released.
Normally skin return
immediately to its position.
Failure of this process means
dehydration.
Decrease in turgor predisposes
the client to skin breakdown.

14. Inspection and Palpation of Edema
Edema : "Build up of fluid in tissues“
Inspected for location, color, and shape.
 Palpates areas of edema to determine mobility, consistency, and
tenderness
Inspection and Palpation of Lesions
Normally skin free of lesions except common freckles.
If lesion present, inspection must done for distribution, arrangement,
morphology, color and size
Palpation for lesion’s mobility, contour (flat, raised or depressed) and
consistency (soft or hard are indicated).
Cancerous lesions frequently undergo changes in color and size.

15. Hair and Scalp
Assessment done for distribution, thickness, texture, of the
hair.
Some events which affect the distribution of hair over the body
e.g. client with hormone disorders, woman with hirsutism
Amount of hair covering extremities may be reduced as a result
of aging and arterial insufficiency especially in lower limbs.
Scaliness or dryness of the scalp is frequently caused by
dandruff or psoriasis.
15

16. Nails Assessment
Nails reflect an individual's general
state of health
Nails are normally transparent,
smooth, and convex, with a nail bed
angle of about 160 degrees.
The surrounding cuticles are smooth,
intact and without inflammation.
Nail bed is normally firm on
palpation.
Nails normally grow at a constant
rate
Capillary refill: 2-3 seconds

17. Abnormal condition of nail
Anonychia: complete absence of nails
Koilonychia : nails like spoon shape (iron deficiencies anemia)
Paronychia: inflammation of tissue surrounding the nail
Clubbing nail: angle is more than 180
17

18. 18

19. 19
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22. 22
Preventing and
Managing Sport
Injuries in Fiche
Town Football
Clubs

23. 23
Global and Local Importance
of Football
Football is the world’s most popular sport, promoting physical and psychological health
benefits.
Ethiopia has a large young population that deeply values football and local clubs.
gap
Local Ethiopian clubs face limited medical resources and lack essential
equipment.
There is insufficient awareness of evidence-based injury prevention and
treatment protocols.

24. 24
1.What types of injuries commonly affect football players in Fiche Town?
2.What prevention strategies are currently used by the football clubs?
3.How are injuries treated given limited medical staff and resources?
4.What rehabilitation practices support player recovery?
5. What challenges hinder effective injury management
in these clubs?

25. 25
•Identify common injury types and their causes
•Assess prevention strategies by players, coaches, and
staff
•Examine treatment approaches and adherence to
standards
•Investigate rehabilitation practices and return-to-play
readiness
•Explore major challenges and gaps in injury
management
Assess prevention, treatment, and
rehabilitation of sport injuries in Fiche Town
football clubs

26. 26
Study
LocationCondu
cted in Fiche
Town focusing
on two local
sports
clubs.Participan
tsIncludes 30
players, 4
coaches, 2
physicians, and
2
administrators.
Sampling
StrategyCensus
sampling for
staff; stratified
random
sampling for
players.Data
Collection
MethodsMixed
methods:
quantitative
questionnaires
and qualitative
interviews,
FGDs, and
observations.D
ata Quality
AssuranceEnsu
red by
pretesting tools,
training data
collectors, and
triangulating
data
sources.Data
AnalysisPerfor
med using
SPSS for
descriptive and
inferential
statistics.Ethical
Considerations
Ethical
clearance and
informed
consent
secured before
data collection.