skin for health science .ppt do good good is face you

tamenedeksisa 0 views 26 slides Oct 18, 2025
Slide 1
Slide 1 of 26
Slide 1
1
Slide 2
2
Slide 3
3
Slide 4
4
Slide 5
5
Slide 6
6
Slide 7
7
Slide 8
8
Slide 9
9
Slide 10
10
Slide 11
11
Slide 12
12
Slide 13
13
Slide 14
14
Slide 15
15
Slide 16
16
Slide 17
17
Slide 18
18
Slide 19
19
Slide 20
20
Slide 21
21
Slide 22
22
Slide 23
23
Slide 24
24
Slide 25
25
Slide 26
26

About This Presentation

skin health


Slide Content

Lecture two
Assessment of Skin, Hair and Nails

Integument structures
Skin
Nails
Hair
Scalp
2

Structure of the Integument
The skin is the largest organ of the body comprising 15 percent of total
body weight.
Layers of the skin
A. Epidermis B. Dermis C. Subcutaneous tissue
Epidermal appendages
Hair
Nails
Glands: two types of skin glands:
1. Sweat Gland
Eccrine sweat glands: are widely distributed and open directly onto the
skin surface
Apocrine sweat glands: open into hair follicle in axillary and genital areas
2. Sebaceous glands: Produce sebum(oily secretion)

4

Functions of skin and epidermal appendages
Barrier to water and electrolyte loss
Regulation of body heat
Sensory organ for touch, temperature, and Pain
Production of protective skin film by eccrine and sebaceous
glands
Participation in production of vitamin
Wound repair
5

Assessing the Integument
1. Subjective data (ask patient about the followings)
Skin infection, rashes, lesions, itching.
Precipitating factors:
Changes in skin color, lesions
Amount of sun exposure
Scalp lesions, itching, and infections.
Changes in texture and amount of hair.
Changes in nails and cuticles nail breaking
Changes in mole size, shape or color
6

2. History of current symptom
Are you having experience of skin problem, such as rashes, lesion
moles
Have you had any hair loss or change in the condition of your hair?
Have you had any change in the condition or appearance of your
nails?
Have you ever had any allergic skin reaction to food, medication,
plants?
Has anyone in your family had a recent illness, rash, or other skin
problem? (Family history)

3. Physical Assessment
Equipment
Penlight Tongue depressor Centimeter rule Gloves
Magnifying glass Flashlight Wood’s lamp
Technique to examination of skin
1) Inspection 2)Palpation
Inspections of skin
Color Moisture Temperature Thickness
Turgor Vascular changes Edema Lesions
Skin odors are usually noted in the skin fold.
8

Inspection color of skin
Skin color varies from body part to body part and from person to
person.
Assessment first involves area of skin not exposed to the sun e.g.
palms of the hands.
Pallor easily perceived in the buccal “mouth” mucosa particularly in
individuals with dark skin.
Cyanosis readily seen in area of least pigmentation e.g. lips, nail beds
conjunctiva and palm.
Jaundice or Yellow seen in client’s sclera.
Erythema may indicate circulatory changes
9

Palpation of moisture of skin
Skin is normally smooth and dry.
Skin folds e.g. axillae are normally moist.
In presence of lesions or ooze fluid, nurse must wear gloves to
prevent exposure to infections drainage
Moisture indicates:
Degree of client’s hydration
10

Palpation of Temperature
Temperature of skin depends on the amount of blood circulating
through dermis.
Generalized warmth: (Fever, Hyperthyroidism)
Local warmth: (Inflammation)
Coolness: (Hypothyroidism, Frost bite, Hypothermia, Shock, Low
cardiac output)
Palpation of skin with dorsum of the hand.
Assessment of skin is critical point in some conditions such as: after
cast application, or after vascular surgery.
11

Palpation of Texture
Texture of skin normally smooth, soft and flexible
If any abnormalities in texture found you must ask the client is he
exposed to any recent injury to the skin?
Nurse determines whether the client’s skin is smooth or rough, thin
or thick, tight or supple (flexible).
Very Soft: (Thyrotoxicosis)
Tight: (Scleroderma = hard skin)
Rough: (Hypothyroidism)
12

Palpation of Turgor
Turgor: is the skin elasticity
diminished by edema or
dehydration.
Assessment of turgor done by
pinching skin between the
thumb and forefinger and
released.
Normally skin return
immediately to its position.
Failure of this process means
dehydration.
Decrease in turgor predisposes
the client to skin breakdown.

Inspection and Palpation of Edema
Edema : "Build up of fluid in tissues“
Inspected for location, color, and shape.
 Palpates areas of edema to determine mobility, consistency, and
tenderness
Inspection and Palpation of Lesions
Normally skin free of lesions except common freckles.
If lesion present, inspection must done for distribution, arrangement,
morphology, color and size
Palpation for lesion’s mobility, contour (flat, raised or depressed) and
consistency (soft or hard are indicated).
Cancerous lesions frequently undergo changes in color and size.

Hair and Scalp
Assessment done for distribution, thickness, texture, of the
hair.
Some events which affect the distribution of hair over the body
e.g. client with hormone disorders, woman with hirsutism
Amount of hair covering extremities may be reduced as a result
of aging and arterial insufficiency especially in lower limbs.
Scaliness or dryness of the scalp is frequently caused by
dandruff or psoriasis.
15

Nails Assessment
Nails reflect an individual's general
state of health
Nails are normally transparent,
smooth, and convex, with a nail bed
angle of about 160 degrees.
The surrounding cuticles are smooth,
intact and without inflammation.
Nail bed is normally firm on
palpation.
Nails normally grow at a constant
rate
Capillary refill: 2-3 seconds

Abnormal condition of nail
Anonychia: complete absence of nails
Koilonychia : nails like spoon shape (iron deficiencies anemia)
Paronychia: inflammation of tissue surrounding the nail
Clubbing nail: angle is more than 180
17

18

19
{"slides":
[{"focus":false,"
key":"1fd1688c-
2021-46d0-
8a50-
d1822c5534a4"
,"title":
{"value":"**Prev
enting and
Managing Sport
Injuries in Fiche
Town Football
Clubs**"},"layou
t":"empty","docf
ontname":"Popp
ins_Roboto","ai"
:null,"slidemenu
name":"cover-
img-lgrd-title-
sty-
a","docthemegr
oupname":"the
meWhitebg","do
cthemegroupgr
aphiccss":"them
eWhitebg","doct
hemesubstyle":"
","docsubtheme
style":"","docthe
meindex":0,"mo
odName":"varie
d","elementtype
":"coverpage","i
d":"d631f016-
5826-4aa9-
9cf0-
d76289dc14bb-
AI","section":fal
se,"tooltip":
{"name":"","des
c":"","type":"cov
erpage","graphi
c":"","title":"","su
btitle":""},"logogr
id":
[{"type":"image",
"value":"https://
cdn.presentatio
ns.ai/docs/
htmlAssets/
assets/
projectresource
s/
genericassets/
placeholderima
ges/
logoimage.png",
"contenttype":"l
ogo","assetText
":"","contrast":fa
lse,"link":
{"url":null,"type":
null},"dataRef":
{"cropStyle":"","
cropData":""},"lo
godata":null}],"c
ontent":{"title":
{"value":"**Prev
enting and
Managing Sport
Injuries in Fiche
Town Football
Clubs**"},"subtit
le":
{"value":"Asses
sing injury
prevention,
treatment, and
rehabilitation in
Oromia,
Ethiopia"},"creat
orimage":
{"value":"https://
cdn.presentatio
ns.ai/profile/
22424117.blob?
v=17596003471
10","imageURL"
:"https://
cdn.presentatio
ns.ai/profile/
22424117.blob?
v=17596003471
10","isvisible":"f
alse"},"creatorn
ame":
{"value":"Tamen
e
Deksisa"},"creat
ordesignation":
{"value":"Prese
nter","isvisible":"
false","elementv
isiblity":"false"},"
customerimage"
:
{"value":"https://
cdn.presentatio
ns.ai/profile/
22424117.blob?
v=17596003471
10","imageURL"
:"https://
cdn.presentatio
ns.ai/profile/
22424117.blob?
v=17596003471
10"},"customern
ame":
{"value":"Tamen
e
Deksisa"},"cust
omerdesignatio
n":
{"value":"Found
er"},"coverimag
e":
{"value":"https://
cdn.presentatio
ns.ai/amp/
web_image/
bg/37b024dd-
1de1-5d94-
94d3-
b71e6edfa513.j
peg","imageUR
L":"https://
cdn.presentatio
ns.ai/amp/
web_image/
bg/37b024dd-
1de1-5d94-
94d3-
b71e6edfa513.j
peg","imagepro
mpt":"Football
players
receiving injury
treatment on
the field in
Fiche Town,
Ethiopia,
showing sport
injury
management in
a local football
club
setting"},"coveri
mage1":
{"value":"","ima
geURL":""},"pre
setimage":
{"value":"","ima
geURL":""},"log
oimage":
{"value":"https://
cdn.presentatio
ns.ai/docs/
htmlAssets/
assets/
projectresource
s/
genericassets/
placeholderima
ges/
logoimage.png",
"imageURL":"htt
ps://
cdn.presentatio
ns.ai/docs/
htmlAssets/
assets/
projectresource
s/
genericassets/
placeholderima
ges/
logoimage.png",
"isvisible":"false
"},"sgfooter":
{"value":"","isvis
ible":"false","ele
mentvisiblity":"f
alse"},"placehol
derimage":
{"value":"","ima
geURL":""},"pre
sentercompany"
:
{"value":"Amazo
n"},"customerlo
goimage":
{"value":"","ima
geURL":""},"pre
senterlogoimag
e":
{"value":"https://
cdn.presentatio
ns.ai/docs/
htmlAssets/
assets/
projectresource
s/
genericassets/
placeholderima
ges/
logoimage.png",
"imageURL":"htt
ps://
cdn.presentatio
ns.ai/docs/
htmlAssets/
assets/
projectresource
s/
genericassets/
placeholderima
ges/
logoimage.png"
},"ctabutton":
{"value":"","isvis
ible":"false","ele
mentvisiblity":"f
alse"},"common
bg":
{"value":"","ima
geURL":""}},"bg
":
{"value":"https://
cdn.presentatio
ns.ai/amp/
web_image/
bg/37b024dd-
1de1-5d94-
94d3-
b71e6edfa513.j
peg","type":"ima
ge","dataRef":
{"value":"https://
cdn.presentatio
ns.ai/amp/
web_image/
bg/37b024dd-
1de1-5d94-
94d3-
b71e6edfa513.j
peg","imageUR
L":"https://
cdn.presentatio
ns.ai/amp/
web_image/
bg/37b024dd-
1de1-5d94-
94d3-
b71e6edfa513.j
peg","imagepro
mpt":"Football
players
receiving injury
treatment on
the field in
Fiche Town,
Ethiopia,
showing sport
injury
management in
a local football
club
setting"}},"subtit
le":
{"value":"Asses
sing injury
prevention,
treatment, and
rehabilitation in
Oromia,
Ethiopia"},"prop
erties":
{"name":"cover-
img-lgrd-title-
sty-
a","type":"cover
page","assetTy
pe":"coverpage"
,"layout":"empty
","prototypenam
e":"GenericCov
erpage","animat
eid":"coverpage
-
titlestyle1","prot
otypestyle":"gen
ericstyle","json
GraphicTemplat
eDetails":"cover
-img-lgrd-title-
sty-a","data-
ogdata-
finalhide":",creat
ordesignation,cr
eatorimage,sgfo
oter,imagebleed
,titlelabel,ctabut
ton,titlelabel,log
oimage","data-
ogdata-
finalshow":"crea
torname,subtitle
"},"multigraphic
stylename":null}
],"type":"clipboa
rdoutlieslide"}

20
{"slides":
[{"focus":false,"
key":"1fd1688c-
2021-46d0-
8a50-
d1822c5534a4"
,"title":
{"value":"**Prev
enting and
Managing Sport
Injuries in Fiche
Town Football
Clubs**"},"layou
t":"empty","docf
ontname":"Popp
ins_Roboto","ai"
:null,"slidemenu
name":"cover-
img-lgrd-title-
sty-
a","docthemegr
oupname":"the
meWhitebg","do
cthemegroupgr
aphiccss":"them
eWhitebg","doct
hemesubstyle":"
","docsubtheme
style":"","docthe
meindex":0,"mo
odName":"varie
d","elementtype
":"coverpage","i
d":"d631f016-
5826-4aa9-
9cf0-
d76289dc14bb-
AI","section":fal
se,"tooltip":
{"name":"","des
c":"","type":"cov
erpage","graphi
c":"","title":"","su
btitle":""},"logogr
id":
[{"type":"image",
"value":"https://
cdn.presentatio
ns.ai/docs/
htmlAssets/
assets/
projectresource
s/
genericassets/
placeholderima
ges/
logoimage.png",
"contenttype":"l
ogo","assetText
":"","contrast":fa
lse,"link":
{"url":null,"type":
null},"dataRef":
{"cropStyle":"","
cropData":""},"lo
godata":null}],"c
ontent":{"title":
{"value":"**Prev
enting and
Managing Sport
Injuries in Fiche
Town Football
Clubs**"},"subtit
le":
{"value":"Asses
sing injury
prevention,
treatment, and
rehabilitation in
Oromia,
Ethiopia"},"creat
orimage":
{"value":"https://
cdn.presentatio
ns.ai/profile/
22424117.blob?
v=17596003471
10","imageURL"
:"https://
cdn.presentatio
ns.ai/profile/
22424117.blob?
v=17596003471
10","isvisible":"f
alse"},"creatorn
ame":
{"value":"Tamen
e
Deksisa"},"creat
ordesignation":
{"value":"Prese
nter","isvisible":"
false","elementv
isiblity":"false"},"
customerimage"
:
{"value":"https://
cdn.presentatio
ns.ai/profile/
22424117.blob?
v=17596003471
10","imageURL"
:"https://
cdn.presentatio
ns.ai/profile/
22424117.blob?
v=17596003471
10"},"customern
ame":
{"value":"Tamen
e
Deksisa"},"cust
omerdesignatio
n":
{"value":"Found
er"},"coverimag
e":
{"value":"https://
cdn.presentatio
ns.ai/amp/
web_image/
bg/37b024dd-
1de1-5d94-
94d3-
b71e6edfa513.j
peg","imageUR
L":"https://
cdn.presentatio
ns.ai/amp/
web_image/
bg/37b024dd-
1de1-5d94-
94d3-
b71e6edfa513.j
peg","imagepro
mpt":"Football
players
receiving injury
treatment on
the field in
Fiche Town,
Ethiopia,
showing sport
injury
management in
a local football
club
setting"},"coveri
mage1":
{"value":"","ima
geURL":""},"pre
setimage":
{"value":"","ima
geURL":""},"log
oimage":
{"value":"https://
cdn.presentatio
ns.ai/docs/
htmlAssets/
assets/
projectresource
s/
genericassets/
placeholderima
ges/
logoimage.png",
"imageURL":"htt
ps://
cdn.presentatio
ns.ai/docs/
htmlAssets/
assets/
projectresource
s/
genericassets/
placeholderima
ges/
logoimage.png",
"isvisible":"false
"},"sgfooter":
{"value":"","isvis
ible":"false","ele
mentvisiblity":"f
alse"},"placehol
derimage":
{"value":"","ima
geURL":""},"pre
sentercompany"
:
{"value":"Amazo
n"},"customerlo
goimage":
{"value":"","ima
geURL":""},"pre
senterlogoimag
e":
{"value":"https://
cdn.presentatio
ns.ai/docs/
htmlAssets/
assets/
projectresource
s/
genericassets/
placeholderima
ges/
logoimage.png",
"imageURL":"htt
ps://
cdn.presentatio
ns.ai/docs/
htmlAssets/
assets/
projectresource
s/
genericassets/
placeholderima
ges/
logoimage.png"
},"ctabutton":
{"value":"","isvis
ible":"false","ele
mentvisiblity":"f
alse"},"common
bg":
{"value":"","ima
geURL":""}},"bg
":
{"value":"https://
cdn.presentatio
ns.ai/amp/
web_image/
bg/37b024dd-
1de1-5d94-
94d3-
b71e6edfa513.j
peg","type":"ima
ge","dataRef":
{"value":"https://
cdn.presentatio
ns.ai/amp/
web_image/
bg/37b024dd-
1de1-5d94-
94d3-
b71e6edfa513.j
peg","imageUR
L":"https://
cdn.presentatio
ns.ai/amp/
web_image/
bg/37b024dd-
1de1-5d94-
94d3-
b71e6edfa513.j
peg","imagepro
mpt":"Football
players
receiving injury
treatment on
the field in
Fiche Town,
Ethiopia,
showing sport
injury
management in
a local football
club
setting"}},"subtit
le":
{"value":"Asses
sing injury
prevention,
treatment, and
rehabilitation in
Oromia,
Ethiopia"},"prop
erties":
{"name":"cover-
img-lgrd-title-
sty-
a","type":"cover
page","assetTy
pe":"coverpage"
,"layout":"empty
","prototypenam
e":"GenericCov
erpage","animat
eid":"coverpage
-
titlestyle1","prot
otypestyle":"gen
ericstyle","json
GraphicTemplat
eDetails":"cover
-img-lgrd-title-
sty-a","data-
ogdata-
finalhide":",creat
ordesignation,cr
eatorimage,sgfo
oter,imagebleed
,titlelabel,ctabut
ton,titlelabel,log
oimage","data-
ogdata-
finalshow":"crea
torname,subtitle
"},"multigraphic
stylename":null}
],"type":"clipboa
rdoutlieslide"}

21
{"slides":
[{"focus":false,"
key":"1fd1688c-
2021-46d0-
8a50-
d1822c5534a4"
,"title":
{"value":"**Prev
enting and
Managing Sport
Injuries in Fiche
Town Football
Clubs**"},"layou
t":"empty","docf
ontname":"Popp
ins_Roboto","ai"
:null,"slidemenu
name":"cover-
img-lgrd-title-
sty-
a","docthemegr
oupname":"the
meWhitebg","do
cthemegroupgr
aphiccss":"them
eWhitebg","doct
hemesubstyle":"
","docsubtheme
style":"","docthe
meindex":0,"mo
odName":"varie
d","elementtype
":"coverpage","i
d":"d631f016-
5826-4aa9-
9cf0-
d76289dc14bb-
AI","section":fal
se,"tooltip":
{"name":"","des
c":"","type":"cov
erpage","graphi
c":"","title":"","su
btitle":""},"logogr
id":
[{"type":"image",
"value":"https://
cdn.presentatio
ns.ai/docs/
htmlAssets/
assets/
projectresource
s/
genericassets/
placeholderima
ges/
logoimage.png",
"contenttype":"l
ogo","assetText
":"","contrast":fa
lse,"link":
{"url":null,"type":
null},"dataRef":
{"cropStyle":"","
cropData":""},"lo
godata":null}],"c
ontent":{"title":
{"value":"**Prev
enting and
Managing Sport
Injuries in Fiche
Town Football
Clubs**"},"subtit
le":
{"value":"Asses
sing injury
prevention,
treatment, and
rehabilitation in
Oromia,
Ethiopia"},"creat
orimage":
{"value":"https://
cdn.presentatio
ns.ai/profile/
22424117.blob?
v=17596003471
10","imageURL"
:"https://
cdn.presentatio
ns.ai/profile/
22424117.blob?
v=17596003471
10","isvisible":"f
alse"},"creatorn
ame":
{"value":"Tamen
e
Deksisa"},"creat
ordesignation":
{"value":"Prese
nter","isvisible":"
false","elementv
isiblity":"false"},"
customerimage"
:
{"value":"https://
cdn.presentatio
ns.ai/profile/
22424117.blob?
v=17596003471
10","imageURL"
:"https://
cdn.presentatio
ns.ai/profile/
22424117.blob?
v=17596003471
10"},"customern
ame":
{"value":"Tamen
e
Deksisa"},"cust
omerdesignatio
n":
{"value":"Found
er"},"coverimag
e":
{"value":"https://
cdn.presentatio
ns.ai/amp/
web_image/
bg/37b024dd-
1de1-5d94-
94d3-
b71e6edfa513.j
peg","imageUR
L":"https://
cdn.presentatio
ns.ai/amp/
web_image/
bg/37b024dd-
1de1-5d94-
94d3-
b71e6edfa513.j
peg","imagepro
mpt":"Football
players
receiving injury
treatment on
the field in
Fiche Town,
Ethiopia,
showing sport
injury
management in
a local football
club
setting"},"coveri
mage1":
{"value":"","ima
geURL":""},"pre
setimage":
{"value":"","ima
geURL":""},"log
oimage":
{"value":"https://
cdn.presentatio
ns.ai/docs/
htmlAssets/
assets/
projectresource
s/
genericassets/
placeholderima
ges/
logoimage.png",
"imageURL":"htt
ps://
cdn.presentatio
ns.ai/docs/
htmlAssets/
assets/
projectresource
s/
genericassets/
placeholderima
ges/
logoimage.png",
"isvisible":"false
"},"sgfooter":
{"value":"","isvis
ible":"false","ele
mentvisiblity":"f
alse"},"placehol
derimage":
{"value":"","ima
geURL":""},"pre
sentercompany"
:
{"value":"Amazo
n"},"customerlo
goimage":
{"value":"","ima
geURL":""},"pre
senterlogoimag
e":
{"value":"https://
cdn.presentatio
ns.ai/docs/
htmlAssets/
assets/
projectresource
s/
genericassets/
placeholderima
ges/
logoimage.png",
"imageURL":"htt
ps://
cdn.presentatio
ns.ai/docs/
htmlAssets/
assets/
projectresource
s/
genericassets/
placeholderima
ges/
logoimage.png"
},"ctabutton":
{"value":"","isvis
ible":"false","ele
mentvisiblity":"f
alse"},"common
bg":
{"value":"","ima
geURL":""}},"bg
":
{"value":"https://
cdn.presentatio
ns.ai/amp/
web_image/
bg/37b024dd-
1de1-5d94-
94d3-
b71e6edfa513.j
peg","type":"ima
ge","dataRef":
{"value":"https://
cdn.presentatio
ns.ai/amp/
web_image/
bg/37b024dd-
1de1-5d94-
94d3-
b71e6edfa513.j
peg","imageUR
L":"https://
cdn.presentatio
ns.ai/amp/
web_image/
bg/37b024dd-
1de1-5d94-
94d3-
b71e6edfa513.j
peg","imagepro
mpt":"Football
players
receiving injury
treatment on
the field in
Fiche Town,
Ethiopia,
showing sport
injury
management in
a local football
club
setting"}},"subtit
le":
{"value":"Asses
sing injury
prevention,
treatment, and
rehabilitation in
Oromia,
Ethiopia"},"prop
erties":
{"name":"cover-
img-lgrd-title-
sty-
a","type":"cover
page","assetTy
pe":"coverpage"
,"layout":"empty
","prototypenam
e":"GenericCov
erpage","animat
eid":"coverpage
-
titlestyle1","prot
otypestyle":"gen
ericstyle","json
GraphicTemplat
eDetails":"cover
-img-lgrd-title-
sty-a","data-
ogdata-
finalhide":",creat
ordesignation,cr
eatorimage,sgfo
oter,imagebleed
,titlelabel,ctabut
ton,titlelabel,log
oimage","data-
ogdata-
finalshow":"crea
torname,subtitle
"},"multigraphic
stylename":null}
],"type":"clipboa
rdoutlieslide"}

22
Preventing and
Managing Sport
Injuries in Fiche
Town Football
Clubs

23
Global and Local Importance
of Football
Football is the world’s most popular sport, promoting physical and psychological health
benefits.
Ethiopia has a large young population that deeply values football and local clubs.
gap
Local Ethiopian clubs face limited medical resources and lack essential
equipment.
There is insufficient awareness of evidence-based injury prevention and
treatment protocols.

24
1.What types of injuries commonly affect football players in Fiche Town?
2.What prevention strategies are currently used by the football clubs?
3.How are injuries treated given limited medical staff and resources?
4.What rehabilitation practices support player recovery?
5. What challenges hinder effective injury management
in these clubs?

25
•Identify common injury types and their causes
•Assess prevention strategies by players, coaches, and
staff
•Examine treatment approaches and adherence to
standards
•Investigate rehabilitation practices and return-to-play
readiness
•Explore major challenges and gaps in injury
management
Assess prevention, treatment, and
rehabilitation of sport injuries in Fiche Town
football clubs

26
Study
LocationCondu
cted in Fiche
Town focusing
on two local
sports
clubs.Participan
tsIncludes 30
players, 4
coaches, 2
physicians, and
2
administrators.
Sampling
StrategyCensus
sampling for
staff; stratified
random
sampling for
players.Data
Collection
MethodsMixed
methods:
quantitative
questionnaires
and qualitative
interviews,
FGDs, and
observations.D
ata Quality
AssuranceEnsu
red by
pretesting tools,
training data
collectors, and
triangulating
data
sources.Data
AnalysisPerfor
med using
SPSS for
descriptive and
inferential
statistics.Ethical
Considerations
Ethical
clearance and
informed
consent
secured before
data collection.