Slidepack_2.pdf from Professor Rajnish from IITM

Biomass

1. Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras
Biomass characterization
Biochemical Analysis
Cellulose, Hemicellulose, Lignin, Proteins, Lipids,
ExtractivesProximate Analysis
Moisture, Volatile Matter, Fixed Carbon, Ash
Elemental Analysis
C, H, N, S, O
Calorific Value
HHV or GCV, LHV or NCV
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2. Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras
Biomass analysis
methods
Vargas-Moreno et al., Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 16
(2012) 3065–3083 41

3. Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras
Proximate analysis by Thermogravimetry
Moisture
Volatile matter
Fixed carbon
Ash
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4. Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras
For biomasses: Ambient to 110
o
C@ 50
o
C/min in N
2
(100 mL/min) hold for 5 min
110
o
Cto 900
o
C@ 80
o
C/min in N
2
(100 mL/min) hold for 15 min
Hold at 900
o
Cfor 45 min in air (100 mL/min)
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5. Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras
Mechanism of cellulose pyrolysis
Lin et al. J. Phys. Chem. C 2009, 113, 20097-20107
Brewer et al. Environ. Prog. Sustainable Energy 2009, 28, 386-396
O
OH
O
CHn
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6. Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras
Wang et al. Green Chem. 2014, 16, 727
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7. Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras
Heating value / calorific value
Bomb calorimeter
HHV –Higher heating value
LHV –Lower heating value
HHV = LHV + H
v
(n
H
2
O,out
)
(n
fuel,in
)
H
v
= Heat of vaporization of water
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8. Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras
Elemental Analysis -Basics
(Cu catalyst)
Thermal conductivity
detector
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9. Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras
Proximate and Ultimate Analysis of Biomasses
High VM means biomass can ignite even at low temperatures. However, high
temperature needs to be maintained for a long time for completion of
combustion and emission control.
Greater the H+(C/O) of the fuel, better is its higher heating value (HHV)
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10. Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras
Biomass
Prosopis
juliflora
Paddy
straw
Wheat
Straw
Finnish
pine
wood
Rice
husk
BagasseEFB
Spirulina
algae
Indian
Coal
Polypro
pylene
C 43.8735.9741.3047.1036.8031.3638.31 46.7558.0390.80
H 6.654.585.606.155.200.105.13 6.974.157.05
N 1.400.760.300.130.350.051.20 10.621.700.08
S 0.080.20.230.020.21-0.240.550.25-
O 48.058.7052.5746.0657.4468.4855.1235.1135.872.07
Moistur
e
9.45.004.787.729.146.709.847.67.22-
Volatile
matter
67.965.2076.7574.7756.5066.6266.0871.531.0593.73
Fixed
carbon
19.114.9014.4516.8014.8525.6316.5815.9341.936.27
Ash 3.614.904.020.7119.501.057.504.9719.80-
HHV
(MJ/kg)
17.4311.4514.1220.417.1017.9815.9420.7522.4346.68
Feedstock characteristics
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11. Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras
Biochemical Composition (wt.%) of Biomass
BiomassCelluloseHemicelluloseLigninExtractivesAsh
Spruce 45.6 20 28.2 0.35.9
Pine 46.9 20.3 27.3 0.35.1
Birch 47 25.9 22 0.34.7
Beech 45 33 20 0.2 2
Fir 45 21 18 0.56.3
Corncob 37.6 31.6 20.8 3.28.1
Corn straw 43.1 31.8 11 0.813.3
Corn stalk 42.7 23.2 17.5 6.89.8
Corn stover35.3 28.9 19.9 4.66.6
Rice straw 41.2 30.7 12.2 1 14.9
Wheat straw38.9 21.1 18 9.75.5
Sugarcane 51.8 27.6 10.7 0.89.1
Miscanthus
giganteus
50.3 24.8 12 2.74.1
Extractives are the material in a biomass sample that is soluble in either water or ethanol during exhaustive extraction
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12. Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras
Mean proximate composition of solid fuels
Vassilevet al. Fuel 2010, 89, 913-933
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13. Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras
Mean ultimate composition of solid fuels
Vassilevet al. Fuel 2010, 89, 913-933
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14. Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras
Biomass category Enriched inDepleted in
Wood and woodybiomass M, VM, CaO, MgO, MnA, N, S, Cl, SiO
2
, P
2
O
5
,
SO
3
Herbaceous and agriresidues FC, VM, O, K
2
O C, H, CaO
Grasses VM, O, K
2
O, SiO
2
C, H,Al
2
O
3
, CaO,
Na
2
O
Straws O, Cl, K
2
O, SiO
2
C, H, Na
2
O
Other residues
(almond hull, shell, coconut
shell, coffee husk, cotton husk, etc.)
FC, K
2
O, MgO, P
2
O
5
Cl
Animal biomass
(chicken litter, meat-bone
meal)
A, C, H, N, S, Cl, CaO,
Na
2
O, P
2
O
5
,SO
3
M, VM, O, Al
2
O
3
,
Fe
2
O
3
, Mn, MgO,
SiO
2
, TiO
2
Contaminatedbiomass
(shredded
currency, demolition/furniture waste, waste
paper, RDF, sewage sludge)
A, C, Cl, H N, S, Al
2
O
3
,
Fe
2
O
3
, TiO
2
FC, K
2
O, P
2
O
5
Characteristic enrichment and depletion trends
Vassilevet al. Fuel 89, 2010, 913-933
M –moisture, VM –volatile matter, FC –fixed carbon, A -ash
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15. Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras
Correlations for predicting HHV
Dulong’sformula for coal and fossil fuels:
HHV (MJ/kg) = 0.336 [C] + 1.418 [H] + 0.094 [S] –0.145 [O]
Heat of combustion of the sample equals the heat of combustion of its elements
regardless of whether it passes through one or more oxidation states.
Other formulae:
Tillman (for wood): HHV (MJ/kg) = 0.437 [C] –1.67
Lloyd and Davenport (for fossil fuels):
HHV (MJ/kg) = 0.3578 [C] + 1.1357 [H] + 0.059 [N] + 0.1119 [S] –0.0845 [O]
Boie(for fossil fuels):
HHV (MJ/kg) = 0.3515 [C] + 1.1617 [H] + 0.06276 [N] + 0.1046 [S] –0.1109 [O]
Gas Technology Institute
HHV (MJ/kg) = 0.3417 [C] + 1.3221 [H] + 0.1232 [S] –0.1198 ([O]+[N]) –0.0153
[Ash]
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16. Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras
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17. Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras
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18. Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras
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19. Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras
Reference species
(Ranziand co-workers)
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20. Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras
Reference species
(Ranziand co-workers)
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21. Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras
Reference species
(Ranziand co-workers)
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22. Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras
Reference species
Ranzi, E.; Faravelli, T.; Manenti, F. Pyrolysis, gasification and combustion of solid fuels. In: Van Geem, K. (ed.) Advances in Chemical Engineering: Thermochemicalprocess engineering, Vol.
49, Elsevier, U.K., 2016, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.ache.2016.09.001
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Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras
Calonaciet al. Energy Fuels, DOI:10.1021/ef1008902

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Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras
Elemental analysis of different ligninsand the equivalent composition
in terms of pseudo components / reference species
Faravelliet al., Biomass Bioenergy34 (2010) 290-301

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Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras
Grate fired boiler for straw
Miles et al. Biomass Bioenergy1996, 10, 125-138
Unburntsand
clinkerization
Slagging
Fouling,
corrosion

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Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras
Bubbling fluidized bed
Circulating fluidized bed →
Miles et al. Biomass Bioenergy1996, 10, 125-138

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Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras
Illustration of a grate fired furnace

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Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras
Processes involved in pulverized coal/biomass combustion

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Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras
Typical problems with rice straw combustion
Bed ash and unburnts(5-20%)

30. 69
Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras
Typical problems with rice straw combustion
Slaggingin furnace Low heat transfer efficiency

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Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras
Typical problems with rice straw combustion
Fouling on super heater tubes Frequent shut down
for cleaning

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Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras
Typical problems with rice straw combustion
Corrosion Loss of Capex

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Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras

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Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras
Characteristic superheaterdeposit profiles
Release of major ash constituents
Miles et al. Biomass Bioenergy1996, 10, 125-138