Small and Large Scale Incineratiocsdancjs cn.ppt

Small and Large Scale Incineration.ppt

1. Large and Small-scale Incineration
Large and Small-scale Incineration
1
Beat Stauffer, seecon international gmbh

2. Large and Small-scale Incineration
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3. Large and Small-scale Incineration
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Contents
1.Concept
2.How can Incineration optimise SSWM
3.Design Principles (large-scale)
4.Treatment Efficiency (large-scale)
5.Operation and Maintenance
6.Applicability
7.Pros and Cons
8.Design Principles (Small-scale)
9.Treatment Efficiency (Small-scale)
10.Operation and Maintenance (Small-scale)
11.Applicability (Small-scale)
12.Pros and Cons (Small-scale)
13.References
3

4. Large and Small-scale Incineration
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4
1. Concept
Source: WASTE INCINERATION (2010) and AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK (2002)
Is Incineration Sustainable?
Large-scale
incineration
Small-scale
incineration

5. Large and Small-scale Incineration
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Is Incineration Sustainable?
•In the hierarchy of
integrated solid waste
management, incineration
is not considered as a very
sustainable method.
•With a highly developed
system, energy recovery is
possible.
•The last desirable is
landfilling (leaching,
smouldering).
•Open burning of waste
must be avoided.
5
1. Concept
Source: WASTE INCINERATION (2010) and AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK (2002)

6. Large and Small-scale Incineration
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Negative Effects of Open Burning (and Landfills)
6
2. How it can optimise SSWM
Leachate leads to groundwater
contamination.
Source: GREENPEACE (2008)
Heavy air pollution
due to open fires
or smouldering.

7. Large and Small-scale Incineration
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Negative Effects of Open Burning (and Landfills)
7
2. How it can optimise SSWM
Leachate leads to groundwater
contamination.
Source: GREENPEACE (2008)
Heavy air pollution
due to open fires
or smouldering.
Direct inhalation of
toxic substances by the
local community, dump-
or landfill workers.
Accumulation of
toxic substances
along the food chain.
Source: GREENPEACE (n.y.)
Source: KLOHN and FROEHLICH (2011)

8. Large and Small-scale Incineration
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Controlled Incineration
8
2. How it can optimise SSWM
Source: GREENPEACE (2008)
Large-scale
incinerators
Small-scale
incinerators

9. Large and Small-scale Incineration
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Controlled Incineration
9
2. How it can optimise SSWM
Large-scale
incinerators
Source: GREENPEACE (2008)
Small-scale
incinerators
•No landfills
necessary
•No leachate
•No open fires
•Less air pollution
•Disinfection (i.e. of
medical waste)
•Break down of some
hazardous chemicals
Benefits of incineration

10. Large and Small-scale Incineration
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Controlled Incineration
10
2. How it can optimise SSWM
Large-scale
incinerators
Source: GREENPEACE (2008)
Small-scale
incinerators
BUT
•Toxic flue gases
•Residual ash still has
to be disposed of
safely

11. Large and Small-scale Incineration
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Which Incineration Technique is Affordable?
•Big loads (50 -1000 tons/day)
•Size of waste does not matter
•Waste-to-Energy
•Experts for O&M
•Expensive
11
3. Design Principles
Large-scale
incinerators
Small-scale
incinerators
•Small loads (12 –100 kg/hour)
•Requires small-sized waste or it
has to be shredded before
•Can be built with local available
material
•Pre-fabricated products
•Trained labours for O&M

12. Large and Small-scale Incineration
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12
1.Holding area
2.Grabbed and dropped into a
hopper
3.Incinerator (approx. 800 ºC), 50
to 1000 tons per day
4.Waste-to-Energy system
(boilersteamturbine)
5.Collection point for heavy ash,
extraction of metals
6.Scrubber reactor for the
extracton hazardous pollutants
(e.g. SO
2and dioxins)
7.Fine particulate removal system
8.Chimney
to Nr. 6
from
Nr. 5
Source: BBC (2009)
Mass-burn Incinerator
3. Design Principles (Large-scale)

13. Large and Small-scale Incineration
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Fluidised-bed Incinerator
13
3. Design Principle (Large-scale)
•Bed of limestone or sand
•Circulating or bubbling technology
•Capacity of 50 to 150 tons/day
•Energy recovery system applicable
The scheme of a fluidised-bed incinerator
(bubbling bed). Source: EISENMANN (n.y.)

14. Large and Small-scale Incineration
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Modular Incinerator
14
3. Design Principles (Large-scale)
Source: UNEP (2005)
•Prefabricated modules, in
general 1 –4 units
•Capacity of 5 to 120 tons/day
and unit
•Energy recovery system
applicable
•Used in smaller communities
•1
st
chamber: low interior gas
velocities under controlled
temperature conditions
•2
nd
chamber: completes the
oxidation reactions of the
combustible products

15. Large and Small-scale Incineration
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Sludge Incineration
15
3. Design Principles (Large-scale)
•Reduces the volume of dried sludge
•Destroys pathogens and toxic organic chemicals
•Solution if there is no land available for sludge disposal
A possible design how sewage sludge incineration can be integrated in a MSW
incineration plant. Source: PUTZMEISTER (2000) and WASTEWATER SYSTEMS (n.y.)

16. Large and Small-scale Incineration
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16
4. Treatment Efficiency(Large-scale)
•Weight reduction up to 75 %.
•Volume reduction up to 90 %.
•Breaks down some hazardous, non-metallic organic wastes.
•Destroys bacteria and viruses.
•Efficient flue gas cleaning systems.
Pollution Removal
Health Aspects and Pollution
•Complex air pollution control system.
•Risk of environmental pollution or health risk from modern facilities
are low.

17. Large and Small-scale Incineration
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17
5. Operation and Maintenance(Large-scale)
•Maintenance and servicing by trained technicians.
•When incineration is done in a manner that has low adverse health
and environmental impacts it is expensive.
•When it is done poorly (with low financial costs) it can be expensive
in terms of human health and environmental impacts.
Control room of a waste incineration plant. Source: MAUELL (n.y.)

18. Large and Small-scale Incineration
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•Where land for landfilling is scarce
•Where technical know-how is available
•Where capital costs as well costs for O&M can be covered
18
6. Applicability (Large-scale)
Waste incineration plant in Switzerland. Source: GEVAG (n.y.)

19. Large and Small-scale Incineration
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19
Advantages:
•No landfills required
•Substantial reduction of the
weight (up to 75%) and volume
(up to 90%) of solid waste
•Waste-to-energy (production of
electricity and heat)
•Disinfection
•Some hazardous chemicals are
destroyed
•Some precious elements (e.g.
metals, phosphorus may be
recovered from the ashes)
Disdvantages:
•High investment, operation and
maintenance costs
•Risk of emissions which
endanger human health and
environment (gases, leaching
into groundwater)
•Loss of organic substances such
as kitchen waste or green
waste from gardening
(compared to composting)
7. Pros and Cons (Large-scale)

20. Large and Small-scale Incineration
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Low-cost Medical Waste Incinerator
20
8. Design Principles (Small-scale)
•Simple two-chamber incinerator
•Temperatures of 800 ºC or higher
•Capacity of 15 kg/hour
•Locally constructed with bricks
and steel components
Source: PRACTICAL ACTION (2000)

21. Large and Small-scale Incineration
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Pre-fabricated Products
21
8. Design Principles (Small-scale)
•Several types
•Capacity of 12 -100 kg/hour
•All kind of wastes (e.g. medical,
slaughter, household waste)
Source: INCINER8 (2004) and MAVI DENZ (n.y.)
•In every location possible (e.g.
small community, hospital, farm,
truck stop)
•Capacity of 12 -100 kg/hour

22. Large and Small-scale Incineration
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22
9. Treatment Efficiency(Small-scale)
•Significant weight reduction and volume reduction.
•Breaks down some hazardous, non-metallic organic wastes.
•Destroys bacteria and viruses.
•Modern designs avoid toxic emissions.
Pollution Removal
Health Aspects and Pollution
•Risk of environmental pollution or health risk from are much lower
than open burning of waste.
•No more waste piles and backyard burning.
•Operator should wear protection equipment during operation and
maintenance.

23. Large and Small-scale Incineration
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23
10. Operation and Maintenance(Small-scale)
•Operator must be trained for the incinerator in use. This avoids
accidents, injuries and damages.
•Protection equipment during O&M is required: heat resistant gloves
and boots, a respirator mask, safety goggles, clothes that cover the
body and a helmet.
•It is important that the incinerator reaches the optimal temperature
for an optimal performance.
•Regular inspection and to enlarge
the life cycle and avoid damages
are necessary.
Source: PATH (2010)

24. Large and Small-scale Incineration
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•It is applicable in every location for almost all kinds of waste.
•It especially avoids open burning, littering in the streets and helps
to make harmful (medical) waste non-toxic.
24
11. Applicability (Small-scale)
Source: HEALING TALKS (2008)

25. Large and Small-scale Incineration
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Example of a comparison…
25
Advantages:
•No landfills required
•Substantial reduction of weight
and volume of solid waste
•Breaks down chemical toxics
and destroys pathogens (e.g.
medical waste)
•There are many different
products in all price ranges
Disadvantages:
•Risk of emissions which
endanger human health and
environment (flue gas)
•Loss of organic substances such
as kitchen waste or green
waste from gardening
•Risk of malfunction if operators
are not instructed
12. Pros and Cons (Small-scale)

26. Large and Small-scale Incineration
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26
13. References
AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK (Editor) (2002): Study on Solid Waste Management Options for Africa. Abidjan: African Development Bank.URL:
http://www.bscw.ihe.nl/pub/bscw.cgi/d1354356/SOLID%2520WASTE%2520MANAGEMENT%2520STUDY.pdf [13.03.2012]
BBC (Editor) (2009): Burn Baby Burn. London: British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). URL:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/7872037.stm[Accessed: 14.03.2012]
EISENMANN (Editor) (n.y.): Waste Disposal -Eisenmann Fluidized Bed Incineration. Holzgerlingen: EISENMANN Anlagenbau GmbH & Co. URL:
http://www.eisenmann.com/en/products-and-services/environmental-technology/waste-disposal/fluidized-bed-incineration.html
[13.03.2012]
GEVAG (n.y.): Fotogalerie. Untervaz: GEVAG. URL: http://gevag.ch/index.php?id=95[Accessed 21.03.2008]
GREENPEACE (Editor) (2008): Poisoning the poor –Electronic Waste in Ghana. Amsterdam: Greenpeace International. URL:
http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/news/features/poisoning-the-poor-electroni/[Accessed 19.03.2008]
GREENPEACE (Editor) (n.y): Children scavenging on Smokey Mountain. Amsterdam: Greenpeace International. URL:
http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/multimedia/photos/children-scavenging-on-smokey/[Accessed 21.03.2008]
HEALING TALKS (Editor) (2011): Rise in Medical Waste –an Increasing Global Crisis. http://www.healingtalks.com/health/rise-in-medical-
waste-an-increasing-global-crisis/[Accessed: 22.03.2012]
KLOHN, A.; FROEHLICH, V. (2011): Labor entdeckt 77-mal mehr Dioxin als erlaubt. Welt Online. URL:
http://www.welt.de/wirtschaft/article12031411/Labor-entdeckt-77-mal-mehr-Dioxin-als-erlaubt.html[Accessed 21.03.2008]
MAUELL (n.y.): Gallery -Control Room Design. Wiltshire: Helmut Mauell Limited. URL: http://www.mauell.co.uk/gallery/control-room/
[Accessed 21.03.2008]
PATH (Editor) (2010): The Incinerator Guidebook. A Practical Guide for Selecting, Purchasing, Installing, Operating and Maintaining Small-Scale
Incinerators in Low-Resource Settings. Seattle: PATH. URL: http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=9JH3Xec6tjI
[19.03.2012]
PRACTICAL ACTION (Editor) (2000): Low-Cost Medical Waste Incinerator. Rugby: Practical Action. URL:
http://www.daenvis.org/waste%20management/medical_waste_incinerator.pdf[Accessed: 19.03.2012]
PUTZMEISTER (2000): Sewage Sludge Incineration with Household Rubbish. Aichtal: Putzmeister Holding GmbH. URL:
http://www.putzmeister.es/pm_spain/data/IP_3049_GB.pdf[Accessed: 14.03.2012]
UNEP (Editor) (2005): Solid Waste Management. Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). URL:
http://www.unep.or.jp/ietc/publications/spc/solid_waste_management/index.asp[13.03.2012]
WASTEWATER SYSTEM (n.y): Wastewater Sludge Incineration Technologies. WasteWater System. URL:
http://www.wastewatersystem.net/2011/02/wastewater-sludge-incineration.html[Accessed: 14.03.2012]

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