Soaps and syndetbars

Short description of soaps and syndetbars

1. Soaps and syndetbars

2. History The first recorded manufacture of soap was in 600BC. Soap making was an established craft in Europe by 17 th century. vegetable and animal oils were used with ashes of plants, along with fragrances. Italy, Spain and France were early centres of soap manufacturing, due to their ready supply of raw materials such as oil from olive trees.

3. Continue..... In the 19 th century soap was heavily taxed as a luxury item in several countries. When the high tax was removed, soap become available to ordinary people and cleanliness standards improved.

4. General An amendment was carried out to the drugs and cosmetics act by the act 68 of 1982 and the words “but does not include soap” were deleted. This amendment became effective from 1983. Since the soap is being manufactured under cosmetic license .

5. Soaps and syndetbars

6. What is soap Soap is a cleansing agent created by the chemical reaction of a fatty acid with an alkali metal hydroxide.(Water soluble sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids) OR These are the sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. Components : The three main components of soap by both cost and volume are oils, caustic and perfumes.

7. Continue........ When triglycerides in fat/oil react with aqueous NaOH or KOH, they are covered into soap and glycerol. This is called alkaline hydrolysis of esters . Since this reaction leads to the formation of soap, it is called the saponification process. Examples of soaps: sodium stearate, sodium palmitate, sodium oleate.

8. Saponification reaction The reaction is exothermic, and progress quickly and efficiently at around 125degree celsius inside an autoclave type reactor.

9. Advantages Soap is cheaper and readily available It works well for cleaning with soft water Soaps are 100% biodegradable(decomposed by micro organisms present in sewage, therefore, they do not create water pollution. Very effective as a bactericide Excellent everyday cleaning agent Good bioavailability

10. Continue......... Through the ages soap has been used to cleanse , to cure skin sores, to dye hair , and as a skin ointment . Multipurpose cleaning tool of skin, cloths and the area that we live in

11. Disadvantages It does not work well with hard water or forms less lather with hard water When used in hard water it produce scum Soap is not suitable for washing woolen garments because it is basic in nature and woolen garments have acidic dyes Soap are less effective in saline and acidic water They have weak cleansing properties than detergents.

12. Types of soaps There are many types of soaps, depending upon the usage: 1.Kitchen soaps a.Cleansers b. Detergents 2. Laundry soaps 3.Cleaning soaps 4.Personal soaps 5. Novelty soaps

13. 6. Perfumed soaps 7. Guest soaps 8.Beauty soaps 9. Medicated soaps 10. Glycerine soaps 11. Transparent soaps. 12. Liquid soaps

14. Cleansers: are often made with mild abrasives and they are formulated to eliminate heavy oil or solid particles. eg: cetaphil and other face washes. Detergents: these are made to remove tough grease and release the solid dirt particles in the foam that is Produced by the detergent. Laundry soaps: these are formulated to eliminate grease, solid particles and organic compounds from clothes. They can be found in liquid powder and gel forms.eg: johnson’s baby soap.

15. Personal soaps: these are made to prevent bacteria and viruses from spreading. They clean both the skin and hair. Eg : antibacterial soap and body and hair soaps. Novelty soaps: these are especially made for the kids and include the soaps in the shapes of various items. They are made not only to clean dirt and grime, but for enjoyment as well.eg. Johnson’s baby soaps

16. Perfumed soaps: these are produced by adding a few additional ingredients and perfume. Guest soaps: these are the miniature soaps that are made and shaped into attractive shapes and they are basically designed for the use by guests. Popular and commonly used shapes are flowers, sea shells and rounds eg. Orange zest soap Beauty soaps: these are produced to feature attractive fragrances. eg. dove

17. Medicated soaps: they contains the addition of antiseptics and disinfectants. eg. . Aactaril and Himalya Glycerine soaps: soaps which include glycerine in them tend to make your skin feel moisture.eg. pears Transparent soap: they usually contains alcohol to alter the process which is also conducted at higher temperatures. Liquid soaps: these are actually very difficult to produce and many of the commercial liquid soaps are just in fact detergents.

18. Liquid soap

19. Micelles-soap molecules A soap molecule has two ends with different properties: A long haydrocarbon part Which is hydrophobic(i.e. It dissolves in hydrocarbon). A short ionic part Containing COO-Na+ which is hydrophillic (i.e. It dissolves in water).

20. Raw materials Fats and oils: fat mixture containing saturated, unsaturated, long and short chain fatty acid in satiable proportion are used. Saturated fatty acids with 12 to 18 carbon atoms are used. Eg. Lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic and oleic acid I n the USA and Europe tallow has long been used as a basic ingredient of soap. To improve the solubility and lathering properties coconut oil is mixed with tallow. Fish oils, palm oil and coconut oil are also used in preparation of soaps.

21. Fats and oils Used in soap making come from animal or plant sources. Each fat or oil is made of distinctive mixture of several different triglycerides. Mechanism: These are the weak acids composed of two parts: a COOH group plus a hydrocarbon chain attached to the COOH acid group. We know that soap is a combination of animal fat or plant oil and caustic soda. When dissolved in water, it breaks dirt away from surfaces.

22. Mechanism of soap

23. Alkalis These are the common alkalies used in soap making: Caustic soda(NaOH) is used as a raw material in the preparation of soap. Caustic potash(KOH) is used in making soft soaps Potassium carbonate and soda ash are used to saponify fatty acids

24. An alkali is a soluble salt of alkali metal like sodium or potassium. Originally the alkalis used in soap making were obtained from the ashes of plants, but they are now made commercially. Today the terms describes a substance that chemically is base and that reacts with and neutralizes an acid.

25. Additives used Antioxidants: these are used to stabilize the soap against rancidity. Eg. Sodium silicate, sodium hyposulphite, sodium thiosulphate. Whiteners: Titanium dioxide and zinc oxide are used to improve whiteness. Perfumes: The pH of the soap is around 10.0. T he selected perfume should be stable in this pH range.

26. Soap manufacturing processes Cold process Semi boild bprocess Full boild process Continuous saponification

27. Cold process In this process, mixing of fat and strong alkali is carried out substantially at room temperature Saponification is completed after this mixture is run into frames in several days at warm temperature. Since there is no opportunity to adjust proportions of fat and alkali calculation of quantities to be used should be made carefully.

28. Semi boiled process The semi boiled process differs from the cold process in the fact that the saponification mixture is heated to70-90 degree celsius using a steam-heated coil to accelerate and complete the saponification reaction. Dyes, perfumes and additives are added at the end of the process to prevent them from evaporating. The process allows the quantity of soda undergoing saponification to be adjusted before the crude soap is drown off. It also allow manufacturing waste to be recycled, better incorporation of the additives and a wider choice of raw materials.

29. Full Boiled Process In this process, large cylindrical kettles with cone bottoms equipped with open and sometimes with closed coils from steam are used. The kettles are often provided with delivery pipes for fats, water, lye Process includes: Saponification reaction Graining out and washing Strong change Finishing or fitting operation

30. Continuous saponification These processes are used when the production is on very large scale. Fats are first converted into fatty acids and glycerin using high pressure in continuous fat splitting process

31. Soap manufacture Soap is produced industrially in four basic steps: 1. Saponification: A mixture of tallow(animal fat) and coconut oil is mixed with sodium hydroxide and heated. The soap produced is the salt of a long chain carboxylic acid.

32. 2. Glycerine removal: Glycerine is more valuable than the soap, so most of it is removed. Some is left in soap to help make it soft and smooth. Soap is not very soluble in salt water, whereas glycerine is, so salt is added to the wet soap causing it to separate out into soap and glycerine in salt water.

33. 3. Soap purification: Any remaining NaOH is neutralized with a weak acid such as citric acid and two thirds of the remaining water removed. 4.Finishing: Additives such as preservatives, colour and perfume are added and mixed in with the soap and it is shaped into bars for sale.

34. Syndetbars History: Dove, the very first syndet bar introduced in 1955, is made primarily from sodium lauryl isethionate but contains sodium tallowate and palmitate too. Since they utilize less alkaline salts in their surfectants, these have a much lower pH, which makes them less irritating

35. What are syndetbars The word “syndet” is derived from “synthetic” combined with “detergent”. Technically it refers to the binding that occurs between differtent detergents, also called surfectants or tensioactive agents . Often referred to as “syndet bars” or “soap- free” soaps, these use synthetic –and usually milder-surfectants such as sodium cocyl isethionate (which is derived from coconuts) or sodium palmitate . Syndet soap surfectants are derived from oils, fats or petroleum products that are processed in a wide range of chemical processes.

36. Advantages : these are more preferred over soap as they are more effective at cleaning and have a wider range of uses They can be used in hard water also because they react less to minerals in water and do not leave any residue. Do not decompose in acidic medium Can lather well even in hard water.

37. Continue........... Syndet bars are mild and cause less damage to our skin. The pH of syndet bars are usually around 5.5, which is very similar to the natural pH of our skin. These bars are effective cleansers, cause minimal damage to the skin layers They do’not have the harsh stripping effects of regular soap. This leads to less dryness, skin irritation, and better control of acne.

38. Disadvantages Non biodegradable(do not break down in environment) so they cause huge amount of pollution in water bodies-killing fish and water plants. Danger to aquatic life Some surfectants are incompletely broken down with conventional treatment processes Inhibit oxidation

39. Cleansing action of syndetbars The cleansing action is exactly similar to that of soaps whereby the formation of micelles followed by emulsification occurs. Raw material Petrochemicals Marketed products of syndetbars: Moiz Moisturex Aquasoft Cetaphil

40. Syndetbars I ngredients used: Sodium cocoyl isethionate(the most widely used) Sulfosuccinates Alfa olefin sulfonates Alkyl glyceryl ether sulfonate Sodium cocoyl monoglyceride sulfate Betaines

41. Syndetbars manufacture Step1. slurry making: The solid and liquid raw ingredients are dropped into a large tank known as slurry mixer. As the ingredients are added the mixture heats up as a result of two exothermic reactions: The hydration of sodium tripolyphosphate and The reaction between caustic soda and linear alkylbenzenesulphonic acid. The mixture is then further heated to 85 degree celsius and stirred until it forms a homogeneous slurry.

42. Step 2- spray drying The slurry is deaerated in a vaccum chamber and then separated by an atomiser into finely divided droplets. These are sprayed into a column of air at 425 degree celsius, where they dry instantaneously. The resultant powder is known as base powder and its exact treatment from this point on depends on the product being made. Step 3- post dosing Other ingredients are now added, and the air blown through the mixture in a fluidiser to mix them into a homogenous powder.

43. Soaps and syndetbars Soaps: They are metal salts of long chain higher fatty acids Prepared from vegetable oils and animal fats. Cannot be used effectively in hard water as they produce scum i.e., insoluble precipitates of Ca2+,Mg2+,Fe2+ etc. Syndetbars: These are the sodium salts of long chain hydrocarbons like alkyl sulphates or alkylbenzene sulphonates. Prepared from hydrocarbons of petroleum or coal Do not produce insoluble precipitates in hard water. They are effective in soft, hard or salt water. More soluble in water.

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