Soaps and syndetbars

its cover all the information about the soaps their manufacturing and types also compare the soaps with the syndetbars.

1. Presented by – jatin singla M.Pharmacy 1 ST Year ISFCP SOAPS AND SYNDETBARS

2. GENERAL An amendment was carried out to the drugs and cosmetics act by the act 68 of 1982 and the words “but does not include soap” were deleted. This amendment became effective from 1.2.1983.Since then soap is being manufactured under cosmetic license

3. SOAPS SOAP - Soaps  are sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. When triglycerides in fat/oil  react  with aqueous NaOH or KOH, they are converted into  soap  and glycerol. This is called alkaline hydrolysis of esters. Since this  reaction  leads to the formation of  soap , it is called the Saponification process. .

4. SYNDETBARS The word “syndet” is derived from “synthetic” combined with “detergent”. Technically it refers to the binding that occurs between different detergents, also called surfactants or tensioactive agents .Syndet soap surfactants are derived from oils, fats, or petroleum products that are processed in a wide range of chemical processes other than traditional saponification.

5. RAW MATERIALS FATS AND OILS - Fat mixture containing saturated and unsaturated and long and short chain fatty acid in satiable proportion are used .Saturated fatty acids with 12 to 18 carbon atoms are used . Eg. lauric, myristic,palmitic,stearic and oleic acid In the United States of America and Europe tallow has long been used as a basic ingredient of soap. To improve the solubility and lathering properties coconut oil is mixed with tallow. Fish oils, palm oil and coconut oil are also used in preparation of soaps.

6. ALKALIS Caustic soda is used as a raw material in the preparation of soap. Caustic potash is used in making soft soaps Potassium carbonate and soda ash are used to saponify fatty acids

7. ADDITIVES USED Antioxidants : These are used to stabilize the soap against rancidity. Eg. sodium silicate,sodium hyposulphite, sodium thiosulphate. Whiteners: Titanium dioxide and zinc oxide are used to improve whiteness. Perfumes : The pH of the soap is around 10.0.The selected perfume should be stable in this Ph range.

8. SOAP MANUFACTURING COLD PROCESS- In this process, mixing of fat and strong alkali is carried out substantially at room temperature so that little more than emulsification takes place .Saponification is completed after this mixture is run into frames in several days at warm temperature. since there is no opportunity to adjust proportions of fat and alkali calculation of quantities to be used should be made carefully

9. Contd. SEMI-BOILED PROCESS- The semi-boiled process differs from the cold process in the fact that the saponification mixture is heated to 70 - 90° C using a steam-heated coil to accelerate and complete the saponification reaction. Dyes, perfumes, and additives are added at the end of the process to prevent them from evaporating. The process allows the quantity of soda undergoing saponification to be adjusted before the crude soap is drawn off. It also allows manufacturing waste to be recycled, better incorportion of the additives and a wider choice of raw materials.

10. SEMI-BOILED PROCESS

11. FULL BOILED PROCESS In this process ,large cylindrical kettles with cone bottoms equipped with open and sometimes with closed coils for steam are used. The kettles are often provided with delivery pipes for fats,water,lye Process includes: Saponification reaction Graining out and washing Strong change Finishing or fitting operation

12. Contd. CONTINUOUS SAPONIFICATION These processes are used when the production is on very large scale .Fats are first converted into fatty acids and glycerin using high pressure in continuous fat splitting process.

13. OTHER TYPES OF SOAPS Transparent soaps Bathing bar Castile soap Superfatted soaps Carbolic and carbonated soaps

14. SYNDETBARS Often referred to as "syndet bars" or "soap-free" soaps, these use synthetic - and usually milder - surfactants such as sodium cocyl isethionate (which is derived from coconuts) or sodium palmitate. Since they utilize less alkaline salts in their surfactants, these have a much lower pH, which makes them less irritating. Dove, the very first syndet bar introduced in 1955, is made primarily from sodium lauryl isethionate but contains sodium tallowate and palmitate too.

15. SYNDETBARS INGREDIENTS USED: Sodium cocoyl isethionate (the most widely used) Sulfosuccinates Alpha olefin sulfonates Alkyl glyceryl ether sulfonate Sodium cocoyl monoglyceride sulfate Betaines

16. Soap vs syndetbars Soap is extremely effective in cleansing the skin. It strips away everything, including our skin’s natural oils. Soaps are known to be harsh and its use can damage skin layers that regulate the hydration of our skin.. Soap bars also have a pH ranging from 9 to 10, making it more alkaline in comparison to our skin which has a slightly acidic pH from 5 to 6. Syndet bars are mild and cause less damage to our skin. The pH of syndet bars are usually around 5.5, which is very similar to the natural pH of our skin. These bars are effective cleansers, cause minimal damage to skin layers, and do not have the harsh stripping effects of regular soap.