Social Division

cover all ranks of pakistan

1. TOPIC NAME: SOCIAL DIVISION GROUP 6 MEMBERS: MUHAMMAD AFZAL MUHAMMAD SAJID MUHAMMAD ADIL NABEEL NAZEER

2. SOCIAL DIVISION R. W. Murray defines social DIVISION as, “arrangement of any social group or society into hierarchy of positions that are unequal with regard to power, property, social evaluation and psychic gratification ”. The DIVISION of society into classes, categories or ranks. DIVISION in society, leads to social inequality

3. Social division of labor, one of the two aspects of the division of labor, is the social structural foundation of the specialized commodity production divided between industries, firms, and occupations of workers, or the technical division of tasks. ( Manufacturing industry separates from the raw materials industry) Social division of labor

4. SOCIAL DIVISION

5. Unequal sharing of scarce resources and social rewards Caste System: Scarce resources and social rewards are distributed on the basis of ascribed statuses Class system: Distribution of scarce resources and Rewards is determined on the basis of achieved statuses. SOCIAL INEQUALITY

6. The division of society is also based upon either an open , or closed system . OPEN (movement =possible) Status is achieved through merit, and effort . This is sometimes known as a meritocracy . The UK is a relatively open society, although disadvantaged groups within society face a glass ceiling. Closed (movement = impossible) Status is ascribed , rather than achieved. Ascribed status can be based upon several factors, such as family background (e.g. the feudal system consists of landowners and serfs). Political factors may also play a role (e.g. societies organized on the basis of communism), as can ethnicity (e.g. the former apartheid regime in South Africa) and religion.

7. Type of social status 1. Ascribed Status - The social class position allocated to an individual by society as a result of factors over which the individual has no control. 2. Achieved Status - The social class position which an individual acquires as a result of his/her own activities. 7

8. SOCIAL DIVISION MOSTLY COMMON DIVISIONS ARE; CLASS RACE Mobility ETHNICITY GENDER

9. SOCIAL CLASS (Newman, 2013, p.319) A social class is a group of people who share a similar economic position in society based on their wealth and income. Class is essentially, therefore, an economic DIVISION system.

10. CLASS Class can change throughout your lifetime. It is based on achievement (social mobility) Exogamy Ownership in means of production(WHO) Conflict theories-Capitalist (Bourgeoisie) and Labourer (Proletariat)

11. Three aspects to determine social class: W EALTH POWER PRESTIGE

12. Wealth -Depending of the strata you belong to access to materials and resources will be limited or enhanced. Power – teachers have power over their students, they help shapes the lives of children. Prestige- children with parents with high income levels are viewed highly than the labour workers , A network of social connections.

13. Social Classes in Pakistan: 1. Upper social class a) Upper Upper Class b) Upper Middle Class c) Upper Lower Class 2 . Middle social class a) Middle Upper Class b) Middle Middle Class c) Middle Lower Class 3. Working social class a) Lower Upper Class b) Lower Middle Class c) Lower Lower Class

14. Social Classes in Pakistan 1. Upper social class: i . They have high level of income and belong to be most high paying profession. ii. They live in most cleanest place of the country iii. Their size is  2%  of the total society. They include: a. Top management of the company b. Big businessmen c. High status leadership

15. Social Classes in Pakistan 2. Middle social class: i . Social mobility is found highest in this class. ii. They live comfortably than poor class, but are financially lower than upper class. iii. They all are employees. iv. Their norms are likely to be similar to that of poor class due to recent switching to middle class. v. This class is the best example of DEFERRED GRATIFICATION PATTERN. vi. Their population is 28% out of the total population. 15

16. Social Classes in Pakistan 3. Working social class: i . Social mobility is the lowest in them. ii. Rate of deviance is high in them. iii. They are most likely to be drug/narcotics addicted. iv. They lack long term planning. v. They are either unemployed, or get employment for short term basis. vii. Their size is 70% out total population of Pakistan.   16

17. Social Mobility Social mobility refers to the movement within the social structure, from one social position to another. (Changing social status) Types of mobility Territorial Mobility Vertical Horizontal

18. Types of Social Mobility 1) Territorial Mobility – It is the change of residence from one place to another. 2) Vertical Mobility - Refers to a major movement up or down in social class position. (promotion, demotion) 3) Horizontal Mobility - Refers to movement within a social class. In general, there is no overall change in the social class status of an individual involved. For examples: teachers, nurse.

19. Consequences/Factors of social mobility • Although most people rate upward mobility highly, it may have unpleasant consequences. • Adjustment to new status may cause problems (uncertainty, responsibilities) • Old friends may be exchanged due to occupational statuses. • May cause family problems. • Moving, travelling. • May result in financial burdens. • Low Motivation, Education, Industrialization. • Stress and psychological conditions. • Higher incidences of suicide, depression, psychosis.

20. Mobility/Transfer of employee in an organization Advantages: • Improve employee skills • Reduce monotony and boredom • Remedy faulty placement decisions • Prepare the employee for challenging assignments in future • Stabilize changing work requirements in different departments • Improve employee satisfaction and morale   Disadvantages : • Inconvenient to employees who otherwise don’t want to move • Employees may or may not fit in the new location/department • Shifting of experienced hands may affect productivity • Discriminatory transfers may affect employee morale

21. RACE

22. RACE DEFINED: There are no biologically “pure” races . RACE - Is a category of people who share inherited physical characteristics and whom others see as being a distinctive group Racial social DIVISION is built upon idea that social differences are linked with hereditary characteristics which differ between races.

23. A Brief History of race Race did not exist until the European expansion and exploration beginning around 1500 until then. People were divided on the basis of religion, class, language or status.

24. A Brief History of race Historically scholars have placed people into three groups: Caucasians-fair skin and straight or wavy hair (whites) Mongoloids-yellowish or brownish skin with distinctive folds on the eyelids (Asians) Negroids -dark skin and tightly curled hair (blacks) However , this well known classification system has difficulty describing the complexity of race.

25. WHO AM I?

26. Social Status and E ffects of “Race” Life chances (   how  social class ,  social status  and , Schooling affect each individual's life) Where you live How you are treated Access to wealth, power and prestige Access to education, housing, and other valued resources Life expectancy

27. The Social Construction of Race Race is important because of the social meaning people have attached to it. Race is a social construct based on how people define themselves and others on physical and social characteristics. Racial classifications are a function of how people define, label and categorize themselves and others into groups. A majority group – is one that is culturally, economically and politically dominant . A minority group – is one that is culturally, economically and politically subordinate .

28. CHALLENGES FACED Equal access to health care, educational opportunities, treatment in the criminal-justice system, environmental racism. Assimilating( sentences) into a foreign society, learning English, open discrimination( Gender inequality in UN ) , hate crimes.

29. Strategies for Ending Inequality Antidiscrimination laws : outlaw discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex and national origin. Affirmative action laws : require employers, schools and others to increase the representation of groups that historically have experienced discrimination. MAKE A DIFFERENCE AS A TEACHER!

30. Race Advantages and Disadvantages to Organization Advantages: Increased creativity ( two different people are better than one)   Increased adaptability ( develop a variety of solutions)   Melting Pot of ideas ( large pool of ideas and experiences) Increased productivity ( Globalization and internalization are two of the gifts that workforce) Increased range of services ( people with different experiences, skills, cultural understanding)

31. Disadvantages: Communication Issues (  lack of cohesiveness) Lack of freedom of speech ( sensitive to others’ race, cultural background, beliefs, etc) Increased cost of training ( seminars, programs and lectures designed) Integration issues ( groups form, informal divisions can occur)  Increased competition (  where people prefer to work separately)  Breeds disrespect ( people who don’t accept other cultures and makes unnecessary tension)

32. ETHNICITY

33. ETHNICITY The word “ethnicity” is of modern origin. In America, it appears to have been used for the first time in 1941 in W . Lloyd Warner and Paul S. Lunt’s “The Social Life of a Modern Community ”. Warner used ethnicity in the sense of a trait that “separates” the individual from some classes and identifies him with others. According to G .Thomas’ theory of the “definition of the situation” - The physical characteristics that identify the group is not important but the feeling of belonging to each other.

34. DEFINING ETHNICITY Ethnicity - belonging to a group that shares the same characteristics, such as country of origin, language, religion, ancestry and culture. E thnicity : r efers to membership of in a culturally- and geographically defined group that may share language, cultural practices, religion, or other aspects. IT IS IMPORTANT TO NOTE THAT… People of the same race can be of different ethnicities. For example, Asians can be Japanese, Korean, Thai, or many other ethnicities. 

35. IDENTIFYING ETHNICITY GROUPS An ethnic group is a socially distinct population that shares a common language, culture, and   a way of life. These groups are committed to the ideas, norms, and material things that constitute that way of life . They can be identified through ‘ethnic traits’ such as: Diet >Burial customs Dance, music >Pottery forms, and styles of decoration Shared common history >Architecture Language >Clothing, hairstyles Religion, rituals

36. ETHNIC MINORITY GROUPS Race and ethnicity are often incorrectly used interchangeably due to the notion(ideas) of them being “minority groups ”. Minority group is a sociological term for a group that experiences discrimination, social disadvantages and strong self-consciousness as a result of discriminations. Not all minority groups are racial and ethnic groups, and not all racial and ethnic groups are minority groups.

37. IMPLICATIONS FOR INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN Teaching styles should attempt to match learning styles Material should be culturally relevant to the learners Group activities Cultural recognition/appreciation Parent-teacher communication

38. Something to remember… DIFFERENTIATING RACE AND ETHNICITY People COULD adopt any culture ( ethnicity) regardless of ancestry (race), but they do not. People of common ancestry (race) tend to have similar culture (ethnicity ) Thus , it is important not to blur the lines between “race ” and “ethnicity” since they are logically different.

39. GENDER

40. GENDER What is Gender? According to Mustapha (2009),gender refers to the social, cultural, emotional and psychological construction of masculinity and femininity. What is Gender about? Social roles and relations between men and women in the society It affects all parts of our lives (social, economic and political) It changes over time and vary according to geographic location and social content

41. GENDER It is what we expect men and women to do and behave It is about how power is used and shared As a result there are: Acceptable gender roles Gender stereotyping for masculinity and femininity Gender DIVISION (DIVISION of labor) Gender bias Gender inequality

42. True or Stereotyped? Girls- socially aggressive, gossiping, cooperative Boys- problems solvers, competitive, athletes Girls- afraid of failure, better at Language and Literature Boys- risk takers, better in Math and Physics Girls- friendships conventional, intimate and personal Boys- friendship is a common activity

43. EMPLOYMENT Women are generally found in all the lowest and jobs while men are often paid higher. In comparable positions in the workplace, for example, women generally receive lower wages than men.

44. CONCLUSION: An organization's success (and competitiveness) depends upon its ability to embrace diversity and realize the rewards that such a program can bring. Companies that encourage diversity in the workplace inspire all of their employees to perform to their highest ability. With a company-wide strategy in place, organizations can reap the benefits of higher productivity, profit, and return on investment (ROI ). Moreover, a diversity program can enhance an organization's responsiveness to an increasingly diverse world of customers, increase the organization's ability to manage change, as well as expand the creativity of the organization.

45. Thank You