Social interactions and social processes

Interactions between individuals and groups occurs in the form of different social processes like cooperation, accommodation, assimilation, competition, conflict and isolation etc.

1. SOCIAL INTERACTION & PROCESSES Presented by: Ms Manisha Assistant Professor Faculty of Nursing SGT University, Gurugram Ms Manisha

2. INTRODUCTION As members of society, people have to act and behave in ac­cordance with some specific manner. They are always engaged in some sort of actions and interactions in the society. When the actions of the individual or individuals are influenced by the actions of other individual or individuals in a society and he in turn is exposed to their action that is called social interaction. Ms Manisha

3. I nteraction or mutual activity is the essence of social life. Interaction between individuals and groups occurs in the form of social process . Social processes refers to forms of social interaction that occur again and again. Ms Manisha INTRODUCTION ( Contd …)

4. Social Interaction refers to the process by which people mutually or reciprocally influence one another’s attitudes, feelings, and actions. There are three situations for social interaction: Person-to-person (P to P) Person-to-group (P to G) Group-to-group (G to G) Ms Manisha SOCIAL INTERACTION : MEANING

5. SOCIAL INTERACTION : DEFINITION “Social interaction is the general process whereby two or more persons are in meaningful con­tact as a result of which their behavior is modified, however slightly ”. (Acc. to Eldredge and Merril ) Ms Manisha

6. ELEMENTS OF SOCIAL INTERACTION Ms Manisha

7. SOCIAL PROCESSES : MEANING Social processes are the ways in which individuals and groups interact, adjust and readjust and establish relationships and pattern of behavior which are again modified through social interactions . Ms Manisha

8. SOCIAL PROCESSES : MEANING The social processes means the characteristic ways in which interactions occurs”. Social processes means the various modes of interaction between individuals or groups including cooperation and conflict, social differentiation and integration etc. Ms Manisha

9. Social Process – refers to the recurrent and patterned social interactions or responses of individuals to one another which have attained stability. “The term social process refers to the repetitive form of behaviour which are commonly found in social life”. - Horton and Hunt “ The social processes are merely the characteristic ways in which interaction occurs”. - A.W Green Ms Manisha SOCIAL PROCESSES : DEFINITION

10. Ms Manisha TYPES OF SOCIAL PROCESSES

11. TYPES OF SOCIAL PROCESSES ( Contd …) Ms Manisha

12. Ms Manisha

13. 1. COOPERATION : DEFINITION “ Co-operation is a form of social interaction wherein two or more persons work together to gain a common end ”. Ms Manisha

14. CHARACTERISTICS OF COOPERATION: It is an associative process . It is universal process It is boundless and has no limitation. It may be conscious or unconscious. It is continuous process. Two or more than two person involved. Common goal or end. Joint activities or efforts Ms Manisha

15. TYPES OF COOPERATION: Informal cooperation- It is characterized as spontaneous and involves mutual give and take . Examples : In families, friends. Formal cooperation- It is characterized as a deliberate contractual nature and prescribes the reciprocal rights and obligations of members. Examples : Workplaces, political parties, different countries. Ms Manisha

16. INFORMAL COOPERATION FORMAL COOPERATION Ms Manisha

17. DIRECT COOPERATION- Under the direct cooperation, the individuals knowingly perform the identical function or activity together for common goals. INDIRECT COOPERATION – In this type, the individuals do unlike tasks together towards a common end. Ms Manisha

18. Ms Manisha

19. ACCOMMODATION Ms Manisha

20. 2. ACCOMMODATION It is a process of getting along inspite of differences. The term accommodation refers particularly to the process in which man attains a sense of harmony with his environment”. It is resolution of conflicts which generally means adjusting oneself to the new environment. Ms Manisha

21. DEFINITION : ACCOMMODATION The term refers to the process in which man attains a sense of harmony with his environment . ( MacIver) Accommodation is a process of developing temporary working agreements between conflicting individuals and groups . (Horton & Hunt) Ms Manisha

22. Park and Burgess classified accommodation in the fol­lowing two categories: Ms Manisha

23. i . Adjustment with New Natural Conditions Ms Manisha

24. ii. Adjustment with New Social Conditions: Ms Manisha

25. CHARACTERISTICS OF ACCOMMODATION : It is a universal process. It is a continuous process. It is the natural result of conflicts. It may be a conscious or an unconscious activity. It is used to reduce the conflict between persons or group as an initial step towards assimilation. It may only provide a temporary solution. It is essential for peace & harmony in society. Ms Manisha

26. TYPES OF ACCOMMODATION Ms Manisha

27. METHODS OF ACCOMMODATION Coercion . Compromise . Arbitration and conciliation( third party mediation). Ms Manisha

28. 4. Toleration . 5. Conversion . 6. Rationalization. Ms Manisha METHODS OF ACCOMODATION ( Contd …)

29. ASSIMILATION Ms Manisha

30. 3. ASSIMILATION It is the process by which an outsider, immigrant or subordinate group become indistinguishably integrated into the dominant host society. Ms Manisha

31. DEFINITION : ASSIMILATION “ Assimilation is the fusion or blending of two previously distinct group into one”. or “ A ssimilation is the process whereby persons and groups acquire the culture of another group.” Ms Manisha

32. Ms Manisha

33. ANY EXAMPLES Ms Manisha

34. Ms Manisha

35. Ms Manisha

36. Ms Manisha

37. FORMS AND LEVELS OF ASSIMILATION The process of assimilation takes place mainly at three levels: Individual Group Culture Ms Manisha

38. CHARACTERISTICS OF ASSIMILATION : Positive or associative process Universal process. Slow and gradual process Continuous process Unconscious process Two way process Ms Manisha

39. TYPES OF ASSIMILATION Ms Manisha

40. Cultural assimilation is the process in which one group integrates into dominant culture and society Ms Manisha

41. HELLO नमस्ते  السلام علی کم Ms Manisha One group learns the language of larger group

42. Structural assimilation is a process that occurs in the implementation of the new p olicy , the national schools, political parties etc. Ms Manisha

43. 4. COMPETITION Ms Manisha

44. Ms Manisha

45. WHY COMPETITION Ms Manisha

46. Ms Manisha

47. LIMITED REWARDS Ms Manisha

48. COMPETITION : DEFINITION “It is the struggle for possession of rewards, which are limited in supply, like goods, status ,power and love anything” - Horton & Hunt “ The striving of two or more persons for the same goal, which is limited so that all can not share it” - Biesanz Ms Manisha

49. Ms Manisha

50. IMPORTANCE OF COMPETITION Ms Manisha

51. CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPETITION Universal Impersonal or personal Continuous Dynamic Constructive or destructive Governed by norms, rules and regulations Found in all fields Sometimes results in negative results Ms Manisha

52. TYPES OF COMPETITION Personal Competition - When two competitors contest for election to office, it is called personal competition. In this competition, competitors know each other. Impersonal Competition - When contestants are not aware of one another’s identity as we find in university or civil service exami­nations, it is called impersonal competition. . Ms Manisha

53. SOME FORMS OF COMPETITION: Ms Manisha

54. 5. CONFLICT Ms Manisha

55. It is a deliberate attempt to oppose, resist or coerce the will of others Ms Manisha

56. CONFLICT Conflict is a form of emotionalized and violent opposition in which the major concern is to overcome the opponent as means of securing a given goal or reward.” Ms Manisha

57. Conflict is normal & happens because of scarcity Ms Manisha

58. DEFINITION : CONFLICT “ Conflict is the social process in which individuals or groups seek their ends by directly chal­lenging the antagonist by violence or threat of violence.” ( Gillin & Gillin ) “ It is the deliberate attempt to op­pose, resist or coerce the will of another or others .” (A.W . Green ) Ms Manisha

59. CAUSES OF CONFLICT Individual differences Cultural differences Social changes Clash of interests Ms Manisha

60. NATURE OF CONFLICT Universal process An conscious and deliberate action Its personal and direct An individual process Temporary and intermittent Disintegrative or dissociative process Ms Manisha

61. TYPES OF CONFLICT ( Acc to Gillin & Gillin ) Personal Conflict : Intrapersonal & interpersonal Racial Conflict Class Conflict Political Conflict International Conflict Ms Manisha

62. Ms Manisha Inter

63. Any examples of Conflict ???? Ms Manisha

64. EXAMPLES OF CONFLICT War Litigations Ms Manisha

65. ISOLATION Ms Manisha

66. 6. ISOLATION Dissociative process Isolation is a state in which a person loses contact or communication with society. Social isolation describes the absence of social contacts with others. Ms Manisha

67. DEFINITION : ISOLATION Social isolation can be defined structurally as the absence of social interactions, contacts, & relationships with family and friends, with neighbors on an individual level, and with “society at large” on a broader level. Ms Manisha

68. CAUSES OF ISOLATION Poverty Unemployment Lack of an adequate social support network Loss of loved ones Domestic violence Physical impairment Ms Manisha

69. TYPES OF ISOLATION Ms Manisha

70. 1. Voluntary Isolation When people choose not to have any social contact on their own. When isolation is imposed by law, court on people. Ms Manisha 2. Involuntary Isolation

71. 1. Spatial Isolation Enforced by the state Due to organic factors such as disabilities in individuals. Ms Manisha 2. Organic Isolation

72. Ms Manisha Social processes are the various ways of interaction that occur again and again.

73. Ms Manisha