SOCIAL SCIENCE PRESENTATION CLASS 7TH HISTORY CHAPTER MUGHALS

It is the ppt of class 7th history ncert chapter Mughal

1. THE
MUGHALS(16th-17th century)

3. INTRODUCTION
THE MUGHALS CONTRIBUTION
Mughals ruled a vast, diverse Indian
subcontinent in the Middle Ages.
Created an empire that lasted longer than
predecessors.
.
Administrative systems and ideas outlasted
their rule.
Legacy: Indian PM addresses the nation
from Mughal-built Red Fort.

4. WHO WERE MUGHALS Timur
Genghis Khan BaburDescendants of Genghis Khan (mother’s side) & Timur (father’s side).
Proud of Timurid lineage; Timur captured Delhi in 1398.
Celebrated genealogy in art (Timur & Mughal rulers).

5. MUGHAL MILITARY
CAMPAIGNS BaburBabur (1526-1530):
Took throne of
Ferghana at 12, seized
Kabul (1504), won
Panipat (1526),
captured Delhi & Agra. Expansion under
Akbar &
Aurangzeb:
Controlled most
of India by 17th
century. Cannons
became key to
victory.

6. MUGHAL TRADITIONS
OF SUCCESSION Did not follow primogeniture (eldest inherits).
Practiced coparcenary inheritance (division among all sons).
Created complex successions.

8. MUGHAL RELATIONS WITH
OTHER RULERS Constant campaigns against resisting
rulers.
Many, like the Rajputs, allied via
marriages, received high posts.
Some, like Sisodiyas of Mewar, resisted,
then later honored. (Watan-lands)

9. Ensured the empire
included people from
different backgrounds and
could effectively manage
its vast territories.
Mughals recruited
mansabdars from diverse
groups: Turkish nobles
(Turanis), Iranians, Indian
Muslims, Afghans, Rajputs,
Marathas, and more.
MANSABDAR
A mansabdar was an official
who held a ‘mansab’ (rank or
position) in the Mughal
administration.
Purpose
Definition RECRUITMENT

10. Grading System: Each mansabdar was assigned a
rank known as ‘zat’.
Zat: Determined the status, salary, and position at
court.
Higher zat = higher pay and position. For example,
5,000 zat was more prestigious than 1,000 zat.
Military Responsibilities: Each mansabdar was
required to maintain a specific number of ‘sawar’
(cavalrymen).
Cavalrymen were registered and their horses
branded for accurate record-keeping and salary
allocation.Mansabdari system

11. JAGIRDARS: SALARY AND
REVENUE ASSIGNMENT Jagir: Instead of a direct cash salary, mansabdars received a ‘jagir’—
the right to collect revenue from a designated area (like a salary in
the form of land revenue).
Administration: Most mansabdars did NOT live in or govern their
jagirs; servants collected revenue for them.Change Over Time:
Akbar’s Reign: Jagirs carefully matched to a mansabdar’s salary.
Aurangzeb’s Reign: Number of mansabdars increased, jagirs often did not cover the full
salary, leading to revenue shortages. Many mansabdars tried to collect as much as
possible quickly from their jagir.
Result: Increased exploitation of peasants, discontent, and reduced stability.

12. OBJECTIVE
TODAR MAL DIFFERENCESRevenue Rates: Fixed tax
(in cash) for each crop
based on data.
Revenue Circles:
Provinces divided into
circles with their
schedules of rates. Accurately assess
and collect land
revenue. Zabt System: Todar Mal’s Survey:
Revenue minister
conducted an extensive 10-
year survey (1570–1580) of:
Crop yields
Prices
Cultivated areas What is Zabt? A system where tax was assessed and
collected systematically and based on careful land records. Applied mostly in well-administered areas (not possible everywhere, e.g., Gujarat,
Bengal).

13. ZAMINDARS Intermediaries:
Rural elites—
whether village
headmen or
powerful chieftains.
Role in Revenue
Collection:
Collected taxes from
peasants on behalf
of the Mughal state.
Acted as the link
between farmers
and administration.
Power and Revolt
Control: In some areas,
zamindars wielded immense
power over local population
and finances.
Abuses: Excessive exploitation
by officials or zamindars led to
unrest.
RebellionPeasants and zamindars
(especially of the same
caste) sometimes allied
and rebelled, threatening
Mughal stability—
especially by the end of
the 17th century

14. AKBAR NAMA &
AIN-I AKBARIAbul Fazl (Akbar’s
courtier): Wrote Akbar
Nama (history) & Ain-i
Akbari (administration,
culture, stats). Records empire’s traditions,
revenues, wages, geographic
& cultural diversity.
Details about crops, yields,
prices,wages,and revenues. 02 01

15. NUR JAHAN’S
INFLUENCEMehrunnisa (Nur Jahan): Married Jahangir
(1611), received power and a title.
Coins issued in her name; farmans (orders)
bore her seal.
Strong influence in administration.

16. “Universal
peace”: Tolerance
toward all
religions. All beliefs allowed
Sunnis, Shias pray together,
Christians & Jews too. Promoted harmony
and inclusion. Akbar’s
Policy
of
Sulh-i Kul

17. THE MUGHAL EMPIRE IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY AND
AFTER Mughal administration and military excellence brought great economic and
commercial prosperity.
Prosperity and Power:
Economic Impact:
Distribution of Wealth:
Decline of Central Authority:India became known as a land of
wealth, but sharp inequalities existed
—great luxury for the elite alongside
widespread poverty among peasants
and artisans. The emperor and his mansabdars spent
revenue on salaries and goods,
benefiting artisans and peasantry by
increasing demand for products but
leaving peasants with little for
investment or improvement.
A small group of highest-ranking
mansabdars (445 out of 8,000)
received over 60% of the empire's
estimated revenue as salaries,
leaving little for common
producers.
As the emperor's power weakened in the
late 1600s, regional governors and nobles
(once his servants) formed independent
dynasties in provinces like Hyderabad and
Awadh. By the 18th century, regional
powers consolidated political independence
while still nominally accepting the Mughal
emperor.Legacy:
The decline of
central
control
created new
centers of
power, but
Mughal
influence
lingered in
administration
, culture, and
governance
across the
subcontinent.

18. Thank you!
See you again soon!