SOCIAL STUDIES G8 NOTES term one to term three .pptx

social studies notes for grade seven cbc

1. SOCIAL STUDIES GRADE 8 GITAU NDUTA-0718888181

2. The Swahili civilization along the east African coast The Swahili people- came to be due to intermarriages between the Persians, Arabs and the Bantu. Aspects of the Swahili culture Emergence of Kiswahili as a common language of communication Construction of stone buildings with beautiful architectural designs Practice of both traditional religion and islam Adoption of styles of dressing such as buibui with veils for women and Kanzu and turbans for men Recreational activities such as listening to taarab music and belly dancing Wearing ornaments such as bracelets, waist beads, gold coins and anklets and use of henna Trade items such as gold, animal skins, ivory, beads, slaves, porcelain and silk

3. Factors that led to the growth of city states Trading activities Fishing and agricultural activities Migration of people from regions such as sahara and sahel Islamic rules and religion Political stability along the East Africa coast Able leadership Availability of trade items

4. Application of the early civilization to the development of modern world -Highly centralized system of government in ancient Kingdoms have influenced present –day forms of government -Building walls using the motorless stone construction method Invention of farming tools and machinery, methods of irrigation and grain storage -Establishment of profitable trading links with overseas traders -The Egyptian hieroglyphics gave rise to modern writing -The mummification invented in Egypt has led to preservation of dead bodies -Centralized governments have been borrowed from ancient Kingdoms e.g The Zibambwe -Modern international links have been developed from early trade practices eg in the Kongo Kingdom -Modern irrigation methods e.g canal developed from ancient Egypt.

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6. SUBSTRAND 3 : POPULATION GROWTH IN AFRICA Population growth refers to increase or decrease in the number of people living in ana area Kenya population has continuously ballooned from 10million people in 1969 census to 47 million people in 2019 census The increase in number of people is described as Positive population growth A decrease in population is called negative population growth The increase in population occurs when the birth rate is higher than the death rate Birth rate- The number of births every years year for every 1000 people in the population of a place Death rate- The number of deaths every year for every 1000 people in the populations of a place

7. Causes of population growth in africa Population can be termed as either rapid or slow population growth Rapid Population growth refers to  the aggressive increase of population brought about by increased birth rates and decreased death rates Causes of rapid population growth Early marriages Polygamy Improved health care Political stability Discovery of minerals Growth of urban centres Low mortality rate Improvement in living standards Industrialization Gender preference

8. Slow population growth- means a slow growth rate of the population Causes of slow population growth Family planning Pursuit of education Delayed marriages Political instability High cost of living Effects of population growth in Africa Effects of slow population Ageing people still forming part of work force Food insecurity: reduced food production Effects of rapid population growth Effects of Rapid growth of industries Inadequate housing in urban areas Sub-division of land into small parcels Increased crime, immorality and poverty Overcrowding in social amenities eg schools and hospitals Environmental pollution Overuse of land and other resources High growth of industries Click here to watch the video

9. TYPES AND EFFECTS OF MIGRATION IN AFRICA Migration is the movement of people from one place or country to another. Types of migration Rural to rural- Involves the movement of people from one rural area to another. This may involve moving to a new settlement or irrigation scheme Urban to urban- This may be due to job transfer or need to expand business Rural to urban- People move in search of better living condition Urban to rural- Occurs when people move back to their rural areas of origin after retirement or when conditions in the urban areas become difficult External migration -Occurs when refugees move in or out of the country for studies, working or through green card Click here to watch video Click here to watch the video

10. CONTINUATION… Movement into a country or continent is called immigration Movement out of a country or continent is called emigration Factors that influence migration in Africa High cost of living Search for employment opportunities Shortage of land Transfer of employees Availability of good recreational facilities Political instability Political stability Retirement from employment

11. Effects of migration in Africa CONTINUATION…. Improved economic conditions Improved agricultural production Crowded streets Shortage of housing and other social amenities Shortage of labor Unemployment Increased immorality Increased crime Change in cultural practices Reduced pressure on land Great labor supply and lower wages Reserved roles for men and women Environmental pollution NOTE Immigrants may cause a strain on the resources and social facilities in the host country. If the reason for emigration is to search for employment opportunities, it causes brain-drain from the country of emigrants

12. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN KENYA Demographic -It is information relating to population and the different groups within Population structure- it is population grouped according to age and gender The population structure of a country can be illustrated using tables or age-sex population pyramids An age-sex population pyramid is a type of pyramid consisting of horizontal bars forming a shape that resembles a pyramid

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14. AGE RANGE NUMBER OF MALES NUMBER OF FEMALES 0 – 14 years 9,888,055 9,208,427 15-24 years 4,798,954 4,934,220 25-54 years 7,622,885 7,806,044 55-64 years 966,404 1021,658 65 years and above 826,373 1044,070 Kenya population structure, 2019

15. Total population: 47, 564, 296 ( 2019 Kenya population and Housing census

16. CONTINUATION Observations A majority of the people are below 25 years of age. Such a population can be described as youthful The population of female is higher than that of male Birth rate is higher than the death rate Impact of migration on population growth in Africa increases in the population, with adverse effects on existing social institutions; increases in demand for goods and services; displacement of nationals from occupations in the countryside and in the cities

17. Strand 2 : PEOPLE AND RELATIONSHIPS Building self-esteem Click here to watch this video Self-esteem is how we value and perceive ourselves. It's based on our opinions and beliefs about ourselves, which can feel difficult to change. We might also think of this as self-confidence. Click to watch this video Factors that influence self-esteem People’s opinion My experience and achievements My thoughts and appearance Besides, y our childhood, society, the media,and people in your life can all add or take away from how you feel about yourself. Click here to watch this video Click here to watch this video Click here to watch this video

18. Ways of building a healthy self-esteem to promote social cohesion Click here to watch this video Stop comparing yourself to others Overcome perfectionism Figure out what you’re good at and develop Focus on what you can change and things that are in your control Love and accept yourself Practice gratitude and replace negative thoughts with positive ones Set goals and work towards achieving them Focus on building positive relationship Click here to watch this video

19. HOW TO EXHIBIT SELF-ESTEEM IN DAILY INTERACTION Believe in yourself Use good posture when talking and speak in an audible and confident manner Be responsible. Help others and take part in volunteer activities Ask for help and support Love and respect yourself and other people Exercise integrity and assertiveness

20. Emotional care Ways of dealing with difficult emotions -The difficult emotions that we experience affect the way we act towards ourselves and others. They may also affect how other people act towards us -We should manage difficult emotions positively to ensure peace with ourselves and others Difficult emotions includes Anger Excitement Fear Sadness Anxiety Guilt Click to watch this video

21. Emotional intelligence Refers to the ability to identify and manage one’s emotions and acknowledge the emotions of others It is enhance by skills such as self-awareness, interpersonal relationships and empathy Situations that require emotional intelligence include when solving conflicts and resisting negative peer influence Ways of demonstrating emotional intelligence Being self-aware and exercising self-control Practicing emphatic listening Thinking through situations before making decision Providing appropriate emotional and physical support to those in need Taking responsibility for our mistakes and responding positively to criticism

22. resilience