socialgroups-160101083736.pptx

ppt

1. Social groups

2. Introduction Man is a social ani m al, isolation. n o m a n can live in In fact every aspect of man’s life is influenced to a great extent by the members of the different groups of which he/she is a part. Social group is a collection of human beings. “A number of units of anything in close proximity to one another.” In human context social group is – “Any collection of human beings who are brought into social relationships with one another”

3. Lets peek into this…. Definitions “A group is a social unit which consists of a number of individuals who stand in (more or less)definite status and role relationships to one another and which possesses a set of values or norms of its own, regulating the behavior of individual members at least in matters of consequence to the group” (Sheriff & Sheriff) “A social group is a number of persons two or more, who have some common objects of attention, who are stimulating to each other, who have common loyalty and participate in similar activities.” (Bogardus)

4. More of definitions…… “Whenever two or more individuals come together and influence one another, they may be said to constitute a social group.” (Ogburn & Nimkoff) Social group involves some degree of reciprocity and mutual awareness between the related individuals. The essence of social group is not physical closeness but a consciousness of joint interaction. Within a social group some of the members lead while others follow.

5. Character i st i cs of social group Reciprocal relationships. Se n s e of un ity and feel i ng of sympa t h y towards each other. W e - feelin g : M e mbers defend their inter e sts collectively. Common interests and ideals. S i m ilar be h a v io r : for achiev i ng the common goals and interests. Group norms: Every group has it’s own set of rules and norms.

6. Group v/s Society Group Society A collection of human beings A system of social relationships An artificial creation A natural growth. Membership is voluntary Membership is compulsory Group is always organized Society may be unorganized A specific purpose General purposes Marked by co-operation Marked b y both c o - op e rat i on and conflict Group may be temporary Society is permanent.

7. Group v/s Institution Group Institution A collection of human beings A set of folkways and mores It is an artificial creation Institution is a natural growth Group may be temporary Institution is comparatively permanent

8. Group v/s Community Group Community It is an artificial creation Community is a natural growth Group is formed to realize some specific purpose or purposes Co m mun i ty inc l ud e s t he who l e circle of social life. Membership voluntary of group is Membership compulsory. of community is Group tempor a ry is comparatively Co m mun i ty permanent is comparatively Group is a part of community Community is a whole

9. Function of Groups Defining Boundaries Choosing Leaders Making Decisions Setting Goals Assigning Tasks Controlling Members Behavior

10. Fun c tions…. Defining boundaries To identify who are members of a group, some sort of devices must be used to mark the boundaries. Choosing Leaders Groups by nature must resolve the issue of leadership. A leader according to Tischler is someone who occupies central role or position of dominance and influence in a group. INSTRUMENTAL LEADERSHIP EXPRESSIVE LEADERSHIP

11. C o n t … . Making Decision Among foraging societies, making decisions are made by involving everyone else in the community. Among modern societies, groups use voting system to determine the decision of the group to save time and energy. Setting Goals All groups must have a goals. A goal maybe too general, such as protecting the environment or too narrow like getting to the beach resort. Goals change overtime depending on the challenges faced by the group.

12. C o n t… Assigning task Goals, decision making, leadership are all important functions of groups. Significant only when tasks are assigned to each member to perform . Controlling members behavior Group members behavior must be controlled for the group to continuously. This is the reason why deviant behaviors of members of the group are considered dangerous and threatening.

13. Types of groups According to the nature of social ties. Primary( family, neighbor ) Secondary According to social identification. In-groups Out-groups Reference According to Organization Formal organization ( utilitarian , Coercive , Voluntary) Informal organization

14. Primary Group Primary group are small in size and characterized by personal, intimate and non-specialized relationship between their members . Eg. Family, Basketball team, A couple etc. Some elements of primary group Tend to be small and ordinarily composed of fewer than 15 to 20 individuals. Interaction and communication among members is of intimate and personal nature. Members commonly develop strong emotional bonds with other members. Generally persist over extensive period of time.

15. Importance of Primary Group Primary Group is the birth place of human nature. Pri m ary Groups h elp i n the social i zat i on of t he individuals and maintain social control over them. T ea c hes the members t o w o r k i n the s o cie t y according to their rules. Pri m ary gro u ps a r e the n u c le a r c e l l s of soc i al organization. Pri m ary g rou p s induces the d e v e lopment of t he individual personalities.

16. Secondary Group Secondary groups refer to a formal, impersonal group in which there is little social intimacy or mutual understanding eg. business organization, political parties, labor union etc. The relationship between the members is very superficial and there is only indirect exertion of influence amongst them. Definitions Secondary groups are those that are relatively casual and impersonal in their relationships…. Relationships in them are usually competitive rather than mutually helpful. (P.H.Landis) The groups which provide experience lacking in intimacy are called secondary groups. (Ogburn)

17. Elements of Secondary Group Formal and impersonal relations: The group does not exert any primary influence upon it’s members. They do not meet face to face. They perform their jobs, carry out their order, pay their dues and still may not see each other face to face. Large in size: They may be spread all over the world. Option of membership: The membership of most of the secondary groups is not compulsory.

18. Cont… Active and inactive members Due to lack of intimate relations amongst themselves and large size of the groups, some of the members of the secondary group are active while others are inactive. Formal Rules: A secondary group is regulated by formal rules. A formal authority is set up and a clear cut division of labour is made. In fa c t the stab i l i ty of a s e c o nd a r y g roup d e pe n ds upon it ’ s organization. Goal oriented: The main purpose of a secondary group is to fulfill a specific function. Status of individual depends on his role and not upon his personal qualities or birth.

19. Primary v/s Secondary Group. Primary group Secondary group Size Small in size and area (Usually defined area like family, study group. etc) Widespread in size As well as area. Type of co-operation Direct. Intimate bonding. Indirect. To achieve only group objective and no personal bonding. Kind of structure Based on informal structure. No detailed rules are drafted and members work spontaneously in adjustment with each other Regulated by a set of formal rules. A formal authority is set up with designated powers and clear cut division of labour amongst it’s members. Relationship Direct, Personal, intimate Indirect, not face to face, formal.

20. Role of Primary Group in Health and sickness Child Rearing. Socialization. Personality formation. Care of dependent adults: Care of the sick and injured. Care of women during pregnancy and child birth. Care of the aged and handicapped. Stabilization of adult personality: Shock absorber.

21. Role of Primary Group in Health and sickness Familial susceptibility to disease: Common gene pools and environment Playground for communicable Broken family May lead to psychopathic behaviour, immature personality and even retardation of growth, speech and intellect in children. Problem family : Forms the basis of various social problems. Positive and negative influence of peer groups During sickness the peers may provide both psychological support as well as may attend to the physical emergency.

22. Importance of Secondary Group The organized functioning with set rules and regulations, clear cut authority and division of labour amongst it’s members has facilitated efficient achievement of it’s goal. These groups provide greater channels of opportunity for development of individual talents. A secondary group broadens the outlook of it’s members beyond the vested interests of the primary group. It is more universal in it’s judgement than the primary group which is influenced by local customs and personal attitudes. It may shatter the bonds of provincialism and casteism.

23. Role of Secondary group in health and sickness At birth: Health care personnel provide immunization services, feeding, bathing, bedding in etc to the child. Toddler/Pre-school: The creche, play school etc teaches the child the art of sharing, playing, singing eating, rest pattern, sleeping etc. School Age: The s c ho o lmates h elp the c h i l d to develop g ood companionship, sharing and indulging in constructive activities. Adolescence: Teachers serve as role models for inculcating healthy habits in the individuals resulting in development of responsible citizens.

24. Cont… Adulthood: Healthy working environment with congenial employee – employer relationship promotes and protects the individual. Old age Health promotion activities by the different members of the society. In sickness…. Hospitals: Data collection regarding health problems, examination, lab investigations, diagnosis, selection of treatment or intervention measure, counseling etc. Health camps conducted by health personnel. Rehabilitation centers team members provide the required services Insurance schemes like ESI benefit, health insurance schemes, provision of safe drinking water etc.

25. Other groups…. In-group feel strong identification and loyalty with the members of their own groups different, either culturally or racially Out-group is a group or category to which people feel they do not belong. Reference group is a group that people use as a standard in evaluating or understanding themselves, their attitudes, and their behavior

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