Socialization

Socialization its types agents stages and a article on Child Socialization Research

1. DEFINITION Socialization is the process through which individuals learn the norms and values of society , leading to social cohesion and a functional society. Development of habits, skills, values and motives shared by productive members of society. The process of internalizing the norms and ideologies of society. People are taught to be proficient members of a society. It describes the ways that people come to understand social norms and expectations, to accept society’s belief, and to be aware of societal values.

2. WHEN DOES SOCIALIZATION OCCUR? Socialization occur throughout the lifetime as individuals learn new norms and new groups and situations. Through socialization a person learns the physical, mental and social skills needed to survive in the society.

3. SOCIALIZATION CAN BE DIVIDED INTO THREE MAJOR PHASES

4. ADULT SOCIALIZATION SECONDARY SOCIALIZATION PRIMARY SOCIALIZATION

5. PRIMARY SOCIALIZATION Primary socialization is the acceptance and learning of a set of norms and values established through the process of socialization. Primary socialization occurs when a child learns the attitudes, values, and actions appropriate to individuals as members of a particular culture. For example if a child saw her mother expressing a discriminatory opinion about a minority group, then that child may think this behavior is acceptable and could continue to have this opinion about minority groups. It means individual have learned a language and can think logically. Accepted the basic norms and values of the culture. Developed the ability to pattern the behavior in terms of these norms and values. Assumed a culturally appropriate social identity .

6. Secondary Socialization is the wider process of learning a child learns what is expected of them, and what is acceptable or appropriate behavior, for them within a small group that is part of a larger society and culture . Secondary socialization represents a new developmental stage and is generally associated with teenagers and adults. The social changes we experience are different to those of primary socialization. An example would be, starting a new a level of education at college or university, relocating to a new environment or a change in social status or society. Some students may be transferring from a rural community to a more urban environment, whilst others may be international students being socialized to the British way of life. Others may be mature students without any prior higher educational experience. SECONDARY SOCIALIZATION

7. Adult socialization is the process in adulthood of learning the practices and expectations associated with a social role or social circumstances; it contrasts with childhood socialization. In adolescence, socialization is concerned with the development of overarching values and the self-image. In adulthood, socialization involves more overt and specific norms and behaviors, such as those related to the work role as well as more superficial personality features. The socialization of adults is relatively easier than the socialization of children for three reasons : The adult am normally motivated to work towards a goal which he has already picked up. (ii) The new role that he is trying to internalize has many similarities to the roles which he has already internalized (iii) finally; the socializing agent can communicate with him easily through speech. ADULT SOCIALIZATION

8. Socio-cultural Perspective Evolutionary Perspective Social Learning Perspective Social-Cognitive Perspective MAIN PERSPECTIVES OF SOCIALIZATION

9. Socio-cultural Perspective Stresses the importance of social norms and culture. Proposes that children learn behavior through problem-solving interactions with other children and adults . Through these interactions, they learn the values and norms of their society. Social psychologists using this perspective might look at how cultural norms and social influence impact social behavior. When considering something like aggression, for example, a person taking this perspective would look at how people are socialized to behave aggressively in certain situations

10. Evolutionary Perspective Argues that social behaviors developed through genetics and inheritance . Emphasizes the role of biology and gene transmission across generations to explain current behavior. When looking at a social problem such as aggression, a psychologist taking this perspective would consider how genetics and evolutionary influences contributed to the development of the behavior

11. Social Learning Perspective Stresses the importance of unique experiences in family, school, community, etc . According to this viewpoint, we learn behaviors by observing and mimicking the behavior of others . In our earlier example of aggression, someone taking the social learning perspective would be interested in how people learn aggressive behaviors from parents, peers, and even media influences

12. Social-Cognitive Perspective Supports an information processing model of social behavior, where we notice, interpret, and judge the behavior of others. New experiences can either be  assimilated  (using already held beliefs to interpret the event) or  accommodated  (which involves changing existing beliefs in response to the event.) By understanding how information is processed, we can better understand how patterns of thoughts impact behavior.

13. SOCIALIZATION AGENTS OF

14. AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION The specific individuals , groups, and institutions that enable socialization to take place. In the Unites States the primary agents of socialization include FAMILY, THE PEEER GROUP, THE SCHOOL and THE MASS MEDIA Agents of socialization are the sources from which we learn about society and ourselves. People and groups that influence our self-concept, emotions, attitudes, and behavior are called agents of socialization. They are our socializes

15. Family is a fundamental social institution in society, the family, is considered the primary and most important agent of socialization . Family typically consists of a man and woman and their children or two or more people who usually reside in the same home and share same goals and values . Traditionally, in all societies, the family has always been seen as a social institution , that has the biggest impact on society. There is an automatic provision of learning situations to the young ones. Family determines the child race, language, religion, class and political affiliation. FAMILY

16. Schools introduce children to new knowledge, order, bureaucracy and students from family backgrounds different from their own. School experience often pressures children to conform to gender roles. School socializes children by providing intellectual and social experiences that characterizes individual and shapes their abilities for adulthood. Teach children indirectly to be less emotionally dependent and adjust student to their social order. Build character through formal curriculum and hidden curriculum. Informal teaching that helps ensure students integration into society. Reinforce gender roles . SCHOOL

17. THE PEER GROUP Social group where the member of same age and have common interests and social position. Peers are not part of child’s immediate family and as a result they often introduce new experiences to a child. Within a peer group , children escape the direct supervision of adults. They are able to talk more freely about topics they may not be comfortable discussing with adults. Peer pressure both negative and positive is a reality of the peer group dynamic. In adolescence there is tremendous pressure to conform to the group to experience a feeling of belonging.

18. The mass media are another agent of socialization. Television shows, movies, popular music, magazines, Web sites , and other aspects of the mass media influence our political views, our tastes in popular culture; our views of women, people of color, and gays; and many other beliefs and practices. In the short term, media use affects behavior through priming cognitions and eliciting affect, increasing arousal and prompting imitation. In the long term, media influence beliefs, perceptions, behavioral scripts, and affective traits, bringing about lasting changes in personality. Significant effects of media use have been demonstrated in a wide range of domains of socialization, including violence, helping, and education . MASS MEDIA

19. The stages that an individual Goes through from the raw Material of personality at birth to the full emergence of the Self Social scientists have come with numerous theories to try to break down into stages this process of absorbing our experience To become complete selves Process OF Socialization

20. It is a stage which begins from birth till child is of 1 year. It needs to be fed as it is helpless and independent on others for it’s very survival It Also needs to be protected from the cold, damp and other discomforts. During this stage, the child cries for everything as this is the only way it can communicate its needs. The aim of oral stage is to establish oral dependency Oral stage

21. During this stage the child learns that one cannot totally depend on the mother for everything.
The child realizes that there are some things that it must do by itself.
The child undergoes toilet training acquires other skills.
The child internalizes two separate roles one’s own and that of the mother.
It is taught to distinguish between wrong and right actions through a system of reward and punishments . Anal stage

22. It is at this stage that the child becomes a member of the family as a whole.
The child learns to identify itself with the social role ascribed on it on basis of its sex.
According to Freud, the boy develops the “Oedipus complex” and girl develops “Electra Complex”. In this stage there is a a lot of pressure on the child to identify with the right sex.
Boys generally identify with the father and girls their mother . Oedipal stage

23. By the beginning of this stage, the child has learnt to be independent in the daily routine at home. He or She learns social norms. This stage has been called "Gang stage" by some sociologists. There is greater participation in group activities and group loyalties are considered important. There is greater revolt against adult authority and domination. Latency stage

24. This stage starts with the onset of puberty & continues through the teenage years . This is a stage of transition from childhood to maturity during which new patterns of behavior are learnt to meet the increased demands of the peer group & of adult society. The adolescent undergoes a number of physiological changes. Boys & girls try to break free parental control. Adolescence stage

25. Old age: The later years of adulthood and the Final of itself begin surround the mid sixties. Death and dying: throughout most of human history, low living standards and limited medical technology meant that death from Accident disease could come at any stage of life. Old age and death and dying

26. Gender socialization is the process by which individuals are taught how to socially behave in accordance with their assigned gender, which is assigned at birth based on their biological sex. From birth until death, gender shapes human feeling And actions. The process of educating and instructing males and females as to the norms, behaviors, values, and beliefs of group membership as men or women. Socialization of gender roles

27. The relationship between families and gender continues to be the subject of dispute in the social sciences. After birth family become infants Into the world of girls and boys. Family and gender

28. Peer groups can consist of all males, all females, or both males and females. Peer groups can have great influence on each other’s gender role behavior depending on the amount of pressure applied. There are certain behaviors, activities, toys and interests that are played with more often by boys and girls. Gender differences in children’s behaviors and interactional patterns also begin to become apparent by this age. For instance, boys are more active, physical and play in larger spaces than girls. In contrast, girls are more compliant, prosaically and play closer to adults than boys. One important way in which children learn about gender roles and develop gender-typed behavior and attitudes is through their interaction with peers Gender and peer group

29. Peer groups

30. Media and gender refers to the relationship between media and gender , and how gender is represented within media platforms. These platforms include but are not limited to film, radio, television, advertisement, social media, and video games. Gender and mass media

31. The study of gender and education encompasses gender differences in educational outcomes such as achievement, attainment, and experiences within the education system. Schools can magnify or diminish gender differences by providing environments that promote within-gender similarity and between-gender differences, or the inverse (within-gender variability and between group similarity). Schools’ affect gender differentiation Gender and Schooling

32. ARTICLE

33. Use of Theory in Child Socialization Research ( Burhanettin KESKİN) Article’s Subject:

34. Abstract: In this article Field research is done that examined the use of explicit theory in empirical studies on child socialization. 27 empirical studies published in the 10 years on child socialization were examined regarding authors’ use of theory. Finding of this study indicated that 63 percent of the empirical studies employed theory explicitly Common theories used explicitly in the studies were ecological theory and socio-cultural theory .

35. Introduction Social and developmental psychologists have long been giving an immense amount of attention to socialization of children. The family has been perceived as a key means for socialization. Socialization is a “process by which the individual learns to become social, a member of society”. The main goals of socialization process are: (a) having control over impulse and an understanding of right and wrong (b) preparation and implementation of social roles including job related roles, gender roles, and parental roles (c) endorsement and preservation of what is considered to be imperative, appreciated, respected, and lived for

36. Current Studies The purpose of this study was to examine which theories are utilized explicitly in the studies on child socialization . Robila and Taylor’s (2001) study design and some of the research questions were followed in this study. Research questions that guided this study were as follows: 1. What are explicit theories used within the empirical research on child socialization in academic journals 2. If theory is used, is it mentioned in the abstract of the study 3. How are explicit theories being used in empirical studies on child socialization

37. Methodology The research questions were investigated by conducted an analysis of articles. An Computerized Database research was conducted by using several databases that are JSTOR, PsychInfo and Sociological Abstracts. In this quantitative study, the analysis consisted of reviewing of empirical articles in terms of their use of theory. Articles were chosen in terms of following criteria: Only empirical studies were chosen. Meta-analyses and literature reviews were excluded. 2. Studies that contained ‘socialization’ and ‘child’ or ‘children’ in their titles were chosen. The reason for that is to eliminate studies that were not directly about socialization of children. 3. Studies that published between 1994 and 2004. Ten years is considered to be an adequate period of time to study use of theory explicitly

38. Explicit Theories Employed in Empirical Studies ecological theory socio-cultural theory Social disorganization theory social learning theory

39. This theory, proposed by Urie Bronfenbrenner (1986, 1989), based on the belief that in order to understand development it must be studied in terms of everyday environment in which children are raised

40. Socio-cultural theory which is based on the belief that learning is an open ended process which occurs from involvement in collective activities, cultural tools, interaction, interpersonal relationships, and social practices not from progressive developmental alterations taking place within the person

41. Social disorganization refers to a situation in which a society that is incapable of appreciating the general value system of its members (such as ethics and morals) and incompetent at sustaining efficient social control over its members

42. Social learning theory is a theory of learning process and social behavior which proposes that new behaviors can be acquired by observing and imitating others. In addition to the observation of behavior, learning also occurs through the observation of rewards and punishments, a process known as vicarious reinforcement.

43. Result Twenty-seven empirical articles were reviewed. Sixty-three percent of the studies (17 out of 27) utilized theory explicitly while 37% of the studies did not use theory explicitly. Only two studies mentioned theory in their abstracts.

44. Demerits First of all, only two studies mentioned theories they utilized in the abstract. However, it is important to use theory in the article’s abstract in terms of helping researches when searching for articles in databases. For example, it would make easier for a researcher who wishes to find articles that examine socialization of children in terms of ecological theory, if the theory is mentioned in the abstract. Second, authors sometimes do not provide proper bibliographic references for the theories they refer to. Third, authors frequently mentioned or used many different theories in a single study. This makes it difficult for a reader to interpret the results as each theory has a unique way of approaching and explaining the issue. For example, in a single study following theories/perspectives were mentioned; ecological theory, socio-cultural theory, and social cognitive theory. Fourth, authors frequently do not provide enough information about the theory they used. A reader may gain an inadequate understanding of the theory if it is explained using only one or two sentences and is not mentioned again

45. WIKIPEDIA SOCIOLOGY TEXT BOOK CLAUSEN, JOHN.A (ED) (1968) SOCIALIZATION AND SOCIETY MLA STYLE SOCIALIZATION ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNCIA WWW. NYU. EDU REFERENCES