Socialization- Introduction, definition, types, stages of socialization and agencies of socialization

Introduction, definition, types, stages of socialization and agencies of socialization

1. SOCIALIZATION BY: SAUMYA YADAV NURSING TUTOR

2. DEFINITION Socialization is the process by which children and adults learn from others. Socialization is a learning that enables the learner to perform social roles. Socialization is the process by which the individual learns to confirm to the norms of the group.

3. CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIALIZATION Process of learning
Life long process
Process of becoming a functioning member of society
Development of self
Cultural transmission

4. STAGES OF SOCIALIZATION

5. It is a stage which begins from birth till child is of 1 year.
It needs to be fed as it is helpless and dependent on others for its very survival.
It also needs to be protected from the cold, and other discomforts.
During this stage, the child cries for everything as this is the only way it can communicate its needs.
The aim of oral stage is to establish oral dependency. THE ORAL STAGE

6. During the first year of its life, the child’s contact with the outside world is through the mouth and lips.
Mother generally starts the process of socialization as the child is dependent on her for its substance. Freud called this stage as stage of “primary identification”.
Crying and smiling are forms of early social behaviour. Infant achieves gratification through oral activities such as feeding, thumb sucking.

7. During this stage the child learns that one cannot totally depend on the mother for everything. The child realizes that there are some things that it must do by itself.
The child undergoes toilet training, acquires other skills. It is taught to distinguish between wrong and right actions through a system of reward and punishments. THE ANAL STAGE The duration of this stage is from 18 months or, 2 years of age to 3 years of age.

8. THE OEDIPAL STAGE It is at this stage that the child becomes a member of the family as a whole. The child learns to identify itself with the social role ascribed to it on basis of its sex.
Boys generally identify with the father and girls their mother.

9. THE LATENCY STAGE By the beginning of this stage, the child has learnt to be independent in the daily routine at home.
He/she learns social norms.
This stage has been called ‘gang stage’ by some sociologists.
There is greater participation in group activities and group loyalties are considered important.

10. ADOLESCENCE STAGE This stage starts with the onset of puberty & continues through the teenage years.
This is a stage of transition from childhood to maturity during which new patterns of behaviour are learnt to meet the increased demands of the peer group & of adult society.
Boys & girls try to break free from parental control.

11. Primary socialization: Primary socialization takes place in infancy and childhood. This is the most crucial stage of socialization. 2. Secondary socialization: Secondary socialization starts from the latter stage of childhood and goes up to maturity. 3. Development socialization: As an individual grows he changes and molds himself according to the standard and the needs of the society. He identifies himself with the society. TYPES OF SOCIALIZATION

12. 4. Anticipatory socialization: Anticipatory socialization makes the individual expect his or her own participation in a social situation by watching how others would behave in that situation.

13. AGENCIES OF SOCIALIZATION The following agencies are mainly responsible for Socialization:- The family : The process of socialization begins for everyone of us in the family. Here the parental and particularly the maternal influence on the child is very great. The intimate relationship between the mother and child has a great impact on the shaping of child’s ability and capacities. School and teaching : The school is the center of learning not only lessons prescribed but also cultural values and patterns. Peer groups : Adolescence brings the youth often into a crisis. His body develops; his interests and attitudes also change to a great extent.

14. Religion : Religion is an important institution which influences in molding our belief and ways of life. The child sees his parents going to the temple or church and performing religious ceremonies. The state : It makes law for the people and lays down the modes of conduct expected of them. The people have compulsorily to obey these laws. If they fail to adjust their behaviour in accordance with the laws of the state. State may be punished for such failure. Mass media : The mass media, in other words are the various forms of communication such as the radio, television, newspaper, magazines, movies and records.

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