Sociometry and its application in social sciences research

application of sociometry in extension research

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2. Presentation on Sociometry and its application in Extension Research Presented by: Priyajoy Kar PhD 1 st year Dairy Extension Division Submitted to: Dr. K. Ponnusamy Principal Scientist Dairy Extension Division

3. Sociometry The word sociometry comes from the latin word “ socius ’’ means social or companion and the “ metrum ” means measure.So sociometry is a way of measuring the degree of relatedness among people. The word “sociometry” which comes from French to our language means as the effects of social life and friendship on an individual.   Sociometry is the inquiry into the evolution and organization of groups and the position of individuals within them.(Moreno,1951)

4. Purposes of Applying Sociometry To learn the interaction and the structure of a group. To discover where exactly an individual exists in that group. To elicit social relationship and the organization type of a group through analyzing attitudes and aptitudes of group members among each other. To identify subgroups ,leaders and cliques of a group. To obtain objective information about the real structure of a group and group integrity .

5. History of Sociometry The origin of sociometric techniques are based on the idea that “ induction methods ” that are carried out in applied sciences can also be applied in social sciences( E.Durkhiem&H.Spencer ) J.L.Moreno (1934) , who was affected by this idea ,put forward sociometry theory and techniques to the literature. Having been developed since 1950s in america,sociometry, then, spread around Europe and other countries. J.L.MORENO first coined the term sociometry and conducted the first long range sociometric study from 1932-1938 at the New York State Training School for Girls in Hudson, New York

6. Importance and functions of sociometry It enables us to learn about the group dynamics and evaluate socialization levels of students after some social activities and their effects on reaching the intended goal. It helps school administration ,teachers and counseling department by providing detailed information about the general structure &the social relationships of the group. After applying these regulations, groups can be re-constructed to increase efficiency in their performance

7. Due to being not an analyze of an individual only, but the analyze of a person in a whole group, this technique gives us extensive amount of information about a lot of people at the same time. Sociometry also gives us a chance to identify the distance/closeness of the group members with each other and the interaction net among them. Additionally, it is beneficial in preventing adaptation problems after having the application results in the hand

8. Areas that S ociometry can be applied Education. Industry Service and public sector Army

9. Methods of Sociometric Analysis Sociomertic matrices. Sociograms. Sociometric indices.

10. SOCIOMETRIC MATRIX A matrix is a rectrangular array (arrangement ) of numbers of other symbols , sociometric is a squre or in x n matrix Eg: A group of 6 members respond to a sociometric questions with whom whould you like to work on such & such projects during the next 3 months ? choose any 3 individuals .The responses made are choices of a member choose another ,non - choise is denoted by 0.

11. Eg: A group of 6 members respond to a sociometric questions with whom whould you like to work on such & such projects during the next 3 months ? choose any 3 individuals . The responses made are choice s choose another denoted by 1 number, of a member, n on - choi ce s denoted by 0 A B C D E F A 1 1 1 B 1 1 C 1 1 1 D 1 1 1 E 1 1 1 F 1 1 1 TOTAL 02 03 04 04 05

12. ADVANTAGES OF SOCIOMETRIC MATRIX A. It is inclusive i.e relationship between every single pair is specifically recorded . B. Joint relationship among pairs are recorded. C. Matrices may be combined and compared . SHORT COMINGS OF MATRIX : It is not suitable for a large group It is a poor graphic device It is a poor tool for detecting mutual choices and other aspects of group structure .

13. Sociogram A sociogram is a graphic representation of social links that a person has . It is a graph drawing that plots the structure of interpersonal relations in a group situation. It is use to analyze the choices or preferences each person makes within a group.

14. GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION MALE FEMALE MUTUAL O N E W A Y S T AR A F C E D B

15. Sociometric index: Sociometric choices or other relations are also measured by indices .A large member of choices are possible Choice stat us index : CSA Σ𝐶𝐴 n-1 (n-1)is used because one cannot choose oneself. Where CSA=Choice states of person A, ΣCA= sum of choices in common A, n- 1member individual in the group .

16. C ON T .. Group cohesiveness index: GC = Σ(MC) n(n-1) 2 Where GC=group cohesiveness ΣMC=sum of mutual choices or pairs . n=the member of individual in the group.

17. Co n t.. Group cohesiveness index: is the proportion of mutual choices to the member of possible choices. Social intensity index =Σ ac ceptance+Σrejections ( n - 1) Choise –rejection status :The member of choices min u s the member of rejections

18. BRANCHES OF SOCIOMETRY Research Sociometry -It is action research with groups exploring the socio-emotional network of relationships using specific criteria.eg-who is this group do you want to sit beside you at training? Applied sociometry -it utilizes a range of methods to assist people and groups review, expand and develop their existing psycho-social network of relationships

19. Reliability and Validity of Sociometry In sociometry the stability of the measuring instrument is confounded with the stability of persons and social structures. Validity is especially difficult to asses in sociometry, since the sociometric indexes are often seen as the criteria to be predicted. Thus ,there has been some tendency to emphasize the prediction of sociometric status on the basis of other characteristics rather than to use sociometric status to predict other variables.

20. Steps in Sociometry There are eight steps to be followed for a sociometric intervention in an organization- Identify the group to be studied. Develop the criterion Establish raport /warm up Gather sociometric data Analyze and interpret data Feedback data(a) to individuals or (b) in a group setting Develop and implement action plans Post –test (optional)

21. Advantages of Sociometry test Sociometry is a study of both quantitative and qualitative interpersonal relations. It helps group aware of the impact of their choices have on one another as well as other groups . Sociometric techniques remain pervasive in the social sciences, having relevance to personality research small group research, analysis of network of communications and group structures. Sociometrists work with groups to identify strengths and weakness to examine and broaden the role repertoire, to develop styles for managing conflict with skill and compassion.

22. Sociometry LIMITATIONS Not necessarily stable relationship. Some members of the group may not reveal their real relationships on account of some fear or other considerations .

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