software project management Activity planning.ppt

spm

1. Chapter 6Chapter 6
Activity Planning

2. Effort estimation
◦For whole project
◦For individual activity
Detailed plan
◦Starting of each activity
◦End of each activity
◦Risks
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3. Project Vs ActivityProject Vs Activity
A project is composed of a number of
related activities
A project may start when at least one of
its activities is ready to start
A project will be completed when all of
its activities have been completed
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4. Cont…Cont…
An activity should have a duration that
can be forecasted
An activity must have a clear start and a
clear stop
Some activities may require the time that
other activities are completed before
they can begin
4

5. Activity Activity PlanningPlanning
A project plan is a schedule of activities
indicating the start and stop for each
activity
◦Also provide the project and resource
schedules
5

6. Cont…Cont…
During planning, managers consider:
◦Resource availability
◦Resource allocation
◦Staff responsibility
◦Project Monitoring
◦Cash flow forecasting
◦Re-planning of the project towards the pre-
defined goal
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7. ObjectivesObjectives of Activity Planning of Activity Planning
Feasibility assessment
◦Time and resource constraints
Resource allocation
◦Timescale and resource availability
Detailed costing
◦Cost and their timing
Motivation
Co-ordination
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8. When to planWhen to plan
During feasibility study and project start-
up
◦Resource availability
◦Cash flow control

9. Different Levels of PlansDifferent Levels of Plans
Project Schedule: a plan that shows
◦What are activities
◦Order of activities
◦Dates when each activity should start and
stop
◦When and how much of the resources will be
required
Activity Plan: a plan that describes
◦how each activity will be undertaken
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10. ACTIVITY NETWORKSACTIVITY NETWORKS
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11. Planning and Scheduling the Planning and Scheduling the
ActivitiesActivities
Once we have a project plan (or, project
schedule), we need to schedule the
activities in a project taking into account
the resource constraints
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12. Network Planning ModelNetwork Planning Model
Time flows from
◦Left to Right
Simple sequencing
◦Suitable for small projects
CPM(Critical Path Method)
PERT(Program Evaluation Review Technique)
AOA
Precedence Network
◦AON

13. Simple sequencingSimple sequencing
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14. CPM NetworkCPM Network
A project network should have only one start
node
A project network should have only one end
node
A link have duration
Nodes has no duration
Precedents are immediate preceding activities
Time moves from Left to Right
Nodes are numbered sequentially
A network may not contain loops
◦Leads to an impossible sequence
A network should not contain dangles

15. CPM ConventionCPM Convention
Event
Number
Earliest
date
Slack
Latest
date

16. Example to construct a CPMExample to construct a CPM
Id.Activity Name Duration (weeks)Precedents
AHardware selection 7
BSoftware design 4
CHardware Installation 6 A
DCoding 4 B
EData Preparation 5 B
FUser Documentation 9
GUser Training 5 E,F
HSystem Installation 3 C,D
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17. Cont…Cont…
1
0
00
2
0
77
3
2
64
4
0
1313
5
2
119
6
0
1616
A=7
B=4 D=4
C=6
H=3
F=9 G=5
E=5

18. Cont…Cont…
1
0
00
2
0
77
3
2
64
4
0
1313
5
2
119
6
0
1616
A=7
B=4 D=4
C=6
H=3
F=9 G=5
E=5

19. Critical PathCritical Path
Any delay in critical path delays the
project
Slack= difference between earliest and
latest dates
Any event with slack 0 is critical.
◦Path joining these events is critical path
Activity float
◦Float=difference in earliest finish and it’s latest
start

20. Adding the time dimensionAdding the time dimension
Critical path approach is concerned with:
◦Project completed as quickly as possible
◦Identifying activities leads to delay project or
later activities start date, if delayed.
Forward pass
◦Earliest dates of activities
Backward pass
◦Latest start dates and the critical path

21. Activity FloatActivity Float
Time allowed for an activity to delay
3 different types:
◦Total float(no delay in project end date)
= |latest start date – earliest start date|
◦Free float(delay without affecting subsequent activity)
= |earliest completion date of activity –
earliest start date of succeeding activity|
◦Interfering float = |total float - free float|
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22. Cont…Cont…
Loop representing impossible sequencing
Code Program
Test Program
Release Program
Correct Error
Diagnose Errors

23. Cont…Cont…
Dangling activities indicate errors in logic
Write User Manual
Design
Program
Test ProgramCode
Program
Install Program

24. Cont…Cont…
Solution is:
◦Remove dangle activities
◦If that is a part of project => re-draw the
network
Write User Manual
Design
Program
Test ProgramCode
Program
Install Program

25. Cont…Cont…
Lagged Activities
Build PrototypeTest Prototype
Revise
Specifications
Document
amendments
Starts 1 after Test
Ends 2 day after Test

26. Cont…Cont…
Dummy activities

27. Activity on Node RepresentationActivity on Node Representation

28. ExampleExample
Id.Activity Name Duration (weeks)Precedents
AHardware selection 7
BSoftware design 4
CHardware Installation 6 A
DCoding 4 B
EData Preparation 5 B
FUser Documentation 9
GUser Training 5 E,F
HSystem Installation 3 C,D
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30. Activity on NodeActivity on Node
Activity label, activity description
Earliest startDuration Earliest finish
Latest start Float Latest finish

31. B
0 4 W 4
C
7 6 W 13
F
0 9 W 9
A
0 7 w 7
D
4 4 W 8
E
4 5 W 9
H
133 W 16
G
9 5 W 14
Finish
Star
t

32. B
0 4 W 4
2 2 6
C
7 6 W 13
7 0 13
F
0 9 W 9
2 2 11
A
0 7 w 7
0 0 7
D
4 4 W 8
9 5 13
E
4 5 W 9
6 2 11
H
133 W 16
13 0 16
G
9 5 W 13
11 3 16
Finish
Star
t

33. Significance of critical pathSignificance of critical path
During planning stage
◦Shortening the critical path will reduce the
overall project duration
During management stage
◦Pay more attention to those activities which
fall in the critical path
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