soil dynamics and earthquake geotechnical engineering's

soil dynamics data

1. What is an earthquake? An earthquake is a sudden, rapid shaking of the earth caused by the release of strain energy stored in rock s .

2. Types of Earthquake/Seismic Hazards The effect of ground shaking Ground displacement Flooding Fire Landslide Liquefaction Tsunami

3. The Effect of Ground Shaking When an earthquake occurs seismic waves are generated & radiates away from the source travelling rapidly through the earth’s crust When these waves reach on earth’s surface, it produces shaking Ground storey collapse of a 4- storey building at Bhuj in Gujarat, India

4. The Effect of Ground Shaking Building shaking

5. Ground Displacement /Faults Faulting is the surface expression of the differential movement of blocks of the Earth’s crust

6. Ground Displacement / Faults Ground displacement (ground movement) along a fault

7. Landslide The landslides triggered by seismic events include rock falls, soil slides, and rock slides on relatively steep slopes The debris from such failures can cut off roads and streams, and it can damage buildings, bridges and other structures Slope failure observed in the Tindharia region of Darjeeling Himalayas

8. Landslide A massive landslide buried a 300-m stretch of the No. 3 Freeway between Taipei and Keelung

9. Liquefaction Temporary loss of soil strength and fluidization that occurs in certain saturated granular soils due to seismic shaking Significant hazard in coastal areas and other locations with a high water table leading to sinking of buildings, bridges and other heavy structures, often with little or no damage to the structure itself. Building Collapse due to liquefaction, 1964 Niigata earthquake, Japan

10. Liquefaction Building uprooted in 2011 Tohoku (Japan) earthquake

11. Tsunami Tsunami (pronounced soo- NAH- mee) is a Japanese word which is meaning harbor (“Tsu”) and wave (“Nami”)

12. Tsunami Tsunamis are long period sea waves produced by rapid vertical seafloor movements caused by fault rupture during earthquake They usually have height more than 1 m and wavelength several hundreds of kilometers Destructions caused due to Tsunami in Marina Beach, Chennai

13. Secondary Effects: Flooding An earthquake can rupture (break) dams or levees along a river The water from the river or the reservoir would then flood the area

14. Secondary Effects: Flooding 2011 Tohoku (Japan) earthquake

15. Secondary Effects: Fire Earthquakes may lead to damage of gas lines and power lines San Francisco fire after the 1906 earthquake

16. Secondary Effects: Fire San Francisco's Marina District Fire after the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake

17. Soil Amplification